小学英语语法：句法之句子成分详解.docx

01主语主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或物，表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或主语从句等担任，其位置在陈述句基本结构的前部。如：Professor Wang is a wellknown scholar. 王教授是一位著名的学者。（名词）I read newspaper every day. 我每天读报。（代词）Three plus six is nine. 三加六得九。（数词）To become a professor has been his ambition.当教授一直是他的抱负。（不定式）Smoking is harmful to health. 吸烟对健康有害。（动名词）What we shall do next is not yet decided.下一步我们做什么还未定下来。（主语从句）The aged are well taken care of in the village.这个村里的老年人都得到了很好的照顾。（名词化的形容词）02谓语谓语说明主语的动作或状态的部分。谓语通常由动词或动词短语担任，其位置在主语之后。如：His mother is a doctor. 他的妈妈是一位大夫。（系动词） We study English. 我们学习英语。（行为动词） We should pay attention to English idioms我们应注意英语的习语。（动词短语）03表语表语是在连系动词之后表示主语的性质、特征、状态或身份的部分。表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语以及动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句担任，其位置在连系动词之后。如：His father is a lawyer. 他的父亲是律师。（名词）This dictionary is mine，not hers. 这本词典是我的，不是她的。（代词）Andy is always careless. 安迪总是粗心。（形容词）The football match is on. 足球赛正在进行。（副词）Your number is 42. 你的号码是42。（数词）All the pupils are on the playground. 学生们现在都在操场上。（介词短语）Her job is to look after the children. 她的工作是照看孩子。（不定式短语）His job is teaching you how to use the machine.他的工作是教你们怎样使用这台机器。（动名词短语）Ben seemed surprised at the news. 本对这消息似乎感到吃惊。（分词）The key question is how we should solve the problem.关键的问题是我们应该怎样解决这个问题。（从句）04宾语宾语表示及物动词的对象或内容。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。宾语通常由名词、代词、数词或与之相当的结构担任，其位置在及物动词或介词之后。如：Brent bought a computer last year. 布伦特去年买了一台电脑。（名词）We help each other and learn from each other.我们互相帮助，互相学习。（代词）I asked for six. 我要六个。（数词）They began to quarrel among themselves. 他们内部开始了争吵。（不定式短语）Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? 你明天早点来行吗？（动名词短语）We should heal the wounded and save the dying.我们应该救死扶伤。（名词化的形容词或分词）I don t know where he has gone. 我不知道他去哪儿了。（从句）05补语补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。补语通常由形容词、名词或其他相当的结构担任。补语可分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。宾语补足语。如：The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.政府任命她为出席那个会议的代表团团长。（名词）Christian doesn t believe the story true. 克里斯蒂安不相信这故事是真的。（形容词） The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.医生建议她卧床休息一周。（动词不定式短语）They saw her walking into the bookstore. 他们看见她进书店了。（分词短语）The children saw the kite up and up. 孩子们看到风筝越飞越高。（副词）You should put your books in order. 你应该把书摆整齐。（介词短语）若宾语是动词不定式、动名词或从句，可用it作形式宾语代替其位置，而将其放到宾语补足语后面。如：I found it difficult to finish the task in time. 我觉得按时完成任务很困难。（不定式） Do you consider it any good sending more people there? 你觉得再多派一些人去那儿会有好处吗？（动名词）We have made it clear that we disagreed.我们已清楚地表明我们不同意。（从句）06主语补足语含宾语补足语的句子改成被动语态时，原宾语和宾语补足语便分别成为主语和主语补足语。如：We found him working in the office. 我们发现他正在办公室工作。 Bruce was found working in the office. 布鲁斯被发现在办公室工作。07定语定语用于限定或修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词或与之相当的结构担任。单词作定语通常放在被修饰语的前面，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰语的后面。如：I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告你。（形容词）They are women pilots. 她们是女飞行员。（名词）His proposal is worth considering. 他的建议值得考虑。（代词）The sun is 93,000,000 miles away. 太阳离我们九千三百万英里。（数词）Allison met me on her way home. 艾莉森在回家的路上碰到了我。（副词）We ll have a report on current affairs on Sunday morning.我们周日上午要听形势报告。（介词短语）That s the teaching plan for you to discuss.这就是供你们讨论的那份教学计划。（动词不定式复合结构）There is a swimming pool in their college. 他们学校有座游泳池。（动名词）The girl playing the violin is a fresher. 拉小提琴的那个女孩是一年级学生。（分词短语）Those who want to go may go. 想去的人都可以去。（从句）08状语状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。状语通常由副词或与之相当的结构担任。修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前；修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前，有的放在动词之后。如动词有宾语，状语通常放在宾语之后。如：Daisy speaks English quite well. 戴茜英语讲得相当好。（副词） Anthony has been in the hospital for over a week. 安东尼已住医院一个多星期了。（介词短语）Gaby went to France to learn French. 加比去法国学法语。（不定式）Arriving at the station，Gavin found the train gone.到火车站时，加文发现火车已开走了。（分词）If I have some spare time，I will take up German.如果我有空闲时间，我将学习德语。（从句）Fred is leaving for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.弗瑞德后天动身去上海。（名词短语）09同位语同位语位于名词或名词性短语之后，说明其内容。同位语通常由名词、名词性短语或从句担任。如：The future belongs to you young people. 未来是属于你们年轻人的。（名词）They each have a dictionary. 他们每人有一本词典。（代词）Is there any room for us two? 有我们两人的位置吗？（数词）Then aroused the question where we were to get the machine needed.然后就产生了这样一个问题：我们到哪儿去找所需要的机器。（句子）