学术英语写作-如何进行研究结果部分的写作课件.ppt

How to write the results section of the academic paper上清新THE GROUP THREECONTENT01 Goals and tasks of the research results section02 The structure of the research results03 Sentence patterns04 Common expressions of research results05 The basic content of the research results06 The tense and the voice07 Analytical model essay08 Summary and extentionGoals and tasks of the research results sectionPART011.1 The importance of the research results section The research results of academic papers are intended to introduce directly related research findings or results.What are the research results?1.1 The importance of the research results sectionThe research results are the core of an academic paper.Its level marks the academic level or technical innovationdegree of the paper, is also the main part of the paper.The research results of academic papers are intended to introduce directly related research findings or results.010203010204031.2 The purpose of the research results sectionPresenting results or findings related to research questions and hypothesesExplaining the significance of these results or findingsGiving evidences that support the authors research results05Leading to the discussion of the results in the next sectionReviewing methodology details and research background.1.3 The tasks of the research results sectionThe research result is not only the authors direct answer to the initial questions, but also the basis for deep discussion of the following logic reasoning. The aim is to give readers a clear idea of the results from the experimental data. In order to make the conclusion more acceptableNumerical experimentConclusions1.4 The exampleThe charts showing the resultsThe results that express clear 1.4 The exampleA clear contrast between two models, we can find the left one has the better stability easily1.5 The attention of the research results Not all findings must be described in the results sectionResults should be objective, complete and reliableThe results must reflect the items and criteria listed in the materials and methodsTIPSThe structure of the research resultsPART02Different subjects have different historical development and characteristics .Although the objectives and tasks of the research methods part of the academic papers are the same, the functional structure part is different. In terms of the research results, there are some differences between the functional structure part of the academic papers in the liberal arts field and the academic papers in the natural science field.The structure of the research results文科领域的学术论文和自然学科领域的学术论文在功能结构部分也文科领域的学术论文和自然学科领域的学术论文在功能结构部分也存在一些差别存在一些差别.。Academic papers in the field of liberal arts Frist step: Provide meta-textual information(提供元文本信息) Second step: Present experimental results(呈现实验结果)The research results of academic papers in the liberal arts field usually contain two steps.Provide background information(提供背景信息提供背景信息)01020403Provide meta-textual informationProvide chapter links.(提供提供章节联系章节联系)A discussion that predicts results(预示结果的讨论预示结果的讨论)Provide citations in methodology details(提供提供方法论细节中的引文方法论细节中的引文)Restate the research question or hypothesis(重述研究问题或重述研究问题或研究假设研究假设)01020403Present experimental resultsProvide evidence (e.g. statistical results, examples, tables, figures, etc)(提供证据提供证据(如统计结果如统计结果,例证例证,表表格格,数字等数字等)Present the results one by one(逐一呈现结果逐一呈现结果)State the process by which results are produced(陈述陈述产生结果的过程产生结果的过程)Explain the meaning of each result(解释每项结果解释每项结果的含义的含义)05Academic papers in the field of liberal arts Frist step: Provide background information(提供背景信息) Second step: Present experimental results(呈现实验结果) Third step: State the problem in the result (陈述结果中存在的问题) Forth step: State what the results may portend(陈述结果可能预示的含义)The research results of academic papers in the field of natural science include the following four steps:010203Review research objectives or existing research(回顾研究目的或已有的研究)Provide background informationReview or expand research methods(回顾或拓展研究方法)Summary of research results(综述研究结果)01020304Present experimental resultsGuide the reader through the results(引导读者阅读结果)Describe specific or critical results in detail, with or without interpretation(详细描述具体的或关键的结果,加或不加诠释均可)Comparison with other studies(与其他研究的比较)Comparison with model predictions(与模型预测的比较)Sentence patternsPART03The basic linguistic features of the results of an academic studyConcise and comprehensive（言简意赅）Avoid repetition（避免重复）Objective evaluation（客观评价）Comply with Writing Rules（遵守写作规则）Tables & Charts are better（多用图表）More non-personal nouns（非人称名词）vague expressions（模糊表达）Concise and comprehensiveGeneralizationRefinementScientific significancerepresentativenessAvoid repetitionRefinementScientific significancerepresentativenessFocuse on the papers results, Avoid repeat other parts of the paper2.4 Objective evaluationDescription of the experimentReport main results Typical &best exampleComply with Writing RulesStart from the most important part of the researchFrom simple to complexOrganized by same categoryOrganized by the research not the experimentTables & Charts are betterMore non-personal nouns1.These date demonstrate that.2.The ANOVA on.indicated that.3.test indicated that.vague expressionsCommon expressions of research resultsPART04OrderQuantityFrequentlyCausality01020403Four elementsThe procedures and time order are important for other researchers to repeat the experiment and get the same results, so we need to describe them very right .previouslybeforehandin advanceOrderfirstlyinitiallyat firstafterwardsthennextsoonbefore longshortly aftermeanwhileimmediatelyAt the same timefinallyeventuallyIn the end先前开始然后不久同时最后as often as notevery timeWriting research results, it is important to correctly express the frequency of events and results Frequentlyalwaysusuallyregularlyoftensometimesfrom time to timerarelyalmost neverat no timeneutral frequency=80%40%50%20%30%a large amount/quantityQuantityIf you want to make the language more reasonable, use a quantitative language to express comments on numbers, levels and numbers in the figure.5%a fairly large amount/quantitya considerable amount/quantitya small amount/quantityQuantity50%50%Causality It is necessary to analyze the relations between the observed events and phenomena, expressing them in appropriate language, so as to help you explain the results of study.Strong causalityWeakcausality1.Part of the reason2.The first reason cause（成为.的原因） due to(应归于） be related to(有关系) link(有联系)1.contribute/contributed to(归因于） .be a factor in (是.的一个因素）2.initiate(创始）Example 表频率:generally(通常)， merely(仅仅，只不过) 表时间顺序:meanwhile(同时) 表数量:on most of (大多数) 表因果关系:related (相关的)Which words or phrases represent these four common expressions?As presented in Fig. 3, the predicted segmentation masks from SegCT-UDA can successfully localize the cardiac structures and further capture their anatomical shapes. The performance on segmenting AA is even close to that of Seg-CT-STL. This reflects that the distinct geometric pattern and the clear boundary of the AA have been successfully captured by the DCM .The basic elements of the reseach resultsPART05sequencequantityfrequencycausality01020403Four elementsIn order to enable other reseachers to repeat the experiment and get the same results,the description of time plays a crucial role in describng the experimental steps.Sequence01020304Describing what happens before the start of the experiment, including the start of the experiment or simulation, or the beginning of the observation.Events occur at the same time or substantially simultaneously or at the same stageThe event occurs at the end of the time series or what happens after the experiment ,simulation or observation is completedWords and phrasesBeginning or first step :the beginning of an experiment or simulation or the first result to be described编辑文字单此处添加您的编辑文字标题FrequencyWhen writing research results, it is also important to be able to clearly express the frequency of a particular event or result, and the reader can accurately repeat the authors method accordingly.编辑文字单此处添加您的编辑文字标题FrequencyQuantityIn the Research Results section, you can use a quantitative language if you want to express a way to comment on the numbers, levels, and quantities in the graph.QuantityA large amount/quantityA fairly large amount/quantityA considerable amount/quantityA small amount/quantityAbove 80%Above 50%-40%20%-30%5%CausalityWhen describing the results, it is inevitable to explain the connections and relationships between the observed things.Many language expressions can help authors explain the connections between things.单击此处添加您的编辑文字标题单击此处添加您的编辑文字标题单击此处添加您的编辑文字标题CausalityClear or strong causalityPartial causalityThe first reason in causalityWeak causalityCause,produce,be due toBe a factor in,contributed toOriginate in,initiateBe related to,linkThe tense and the voicePART06The application of tenses in the research results part depends on the function of the expressed content. 6.1 The tense of the results sectionTense simple present tense(一般现在时) simple past tense（一般过去时）6.1 The tense of the results section1. The simple present tense is often used to introduce research results.(1) Figure 1 shows the variation in the temperature of the sample over time.（图1显示了样品温度随时间的变化。）(2) Data in Table 3 illustrate that operating and capital costs of DiCTT technology are significantly lower.（表3中的数据表明了DiCTT技术的运营和资本成本显著降低。）Examples:6.1 The tense of the results section2. The simple past tense is often used to describe or summarize research results.(1) The sensible and latent heat fluxes of Case 1 in daytime were greater than those of Case 2,but there was little difference in net long-wave radiation.（病例1的日感潜热通量和潜热通量均大于病例2，但长波净辐射差异不大。）(2) After flights of less than two hours,11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain.（在飞行不到两小时后，11%的陆军飞行员和33%的民用飞行员报告背部疼痛。）Examples:3.13.23.33.4The simple present tense is often used when the content of a comment is inferred from the result.When the content of the comment belongs to the possible proof of the result, the modal verbs such as may or can are usually added before the verbs.Use the simple present tense when the content of the comment is to compare the authors results to those of others.When the content of the comment is to compare the authors method with that of others, the verb is used in the simple present tense or the simple past tense.6.1 The tense of the results section3. When the results are reviewed or explained,The verb tenses shall be determined according to the content of comments or instructions.6.1 The tense of the results section4. The simple present tense is often used when comparing different results or experimental data.(1) The data confirm closely to the prediction of the model.（数据与模型的预测结果吻合较好。）(2) The theoretical model fits the experimental data well.（理论模型与实验数据吻合较好。）Examples:When the author thinks that the description of the result is general, use the simple present tense in the clause, or use the the may and the base form of the verb.Use the simple past tense if the author thinks the scope of the statement is limited to the particular case he studiesSentences presenting the results of the study may be in the passive or active voice.6.2 The voice of the results section active voice（主动语态） passive voice（被动语态）Voice1. Generally, sentences are in the active voice when the name of the chart is the subject.(1) Fig. 5 shows the most common modes of computer infection for U.S. bussiness.（图5显示了美国企业最常见的计算机影响模式。）Examples:6.2 The voice of the results section当主语为图表且较短时，使用主动语态。2. In the introduction of the research results, the longer gerund phrase is used as the subject, and the passive voice is used in the sentence.(1) The variation of flank wear of alumina based ceramic cutting tools with respect to cutting speed, after maching 15 min on martensitic stainless steel-grade 410 and EN 24 steel is presented in Fig. 2.（氧化铝基陶瓷刀具在410级马氏体不锈钢和EN 24级钢上加工15分钟后，齿面磨损随切削速度的变化如图2所示。）Examples:6.2 The voice of the results section主语很长的情况下，使用被动语态来使句子显得平衡且自然。Analytical Model EssayPART07Model Essay We first compare against the symmetric Siamese architecture of Bertinetto et al. 3. We then compare the end-to-end trained CFNet to a variant where the features are replaced with features that were trained for a different task. Finally, we demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art results.一句话说明实验原因顺序说明实验内容 The principal aim of our experiments is to investigate the effect of incorporating the Correlation Filter during training.一般现在时Model Essay To obtain the curve Baseline+CF we trained a baseline Siamese network of the desired depth and then combined those features with a CF during tracking. Results show that taking the CF into account during offline training is critical at depth one and two. However, it seems redundant when more convolutional layers are added, since using features from the Baseline in conjunction with the CF achieves similar performance. 叙述结果表明结果原因解释Model Essay The results show that CFNet is significantly better than the baseline when shallow networks are used to compute features. Specifically, it brings a relative improvement of 31% and 13% for networks of depth one and two respectively. At depths three, four and five, the difference is much less meaningful. CFNet is relatively unaffected by the depth of the network,whereas the performance of the baseline increases steadily and significantly with depth. It seems that the ability of the Correlation Filter to adapt the distance metric to the content of the training image is less important given a sufficiently expressive embedding function.与其他研究的比较关键的比较结果常用表达常用表达被动句Model Essay The CF layer can be understood to encode prior knowledge of the test-time procedure. This prior may become redundant or even overly restrictive when enough model capacity and data are available. We believe this explains the saturation of CFNet performance when more than two convolutional layers are used. Figure4 additionally shows that updating the template is always helpful, for both Baseline and CFNet architectures, at any depth.诠释比较结果引导读者阅读图表展示的结果避免绝对被动句常用词Model Essay Despite the large number of videos, we still find that the performance of similarity networks varies considerably as training progresses. To mitigate this effect, we average the final tracking results that are obtained using the parameters of the network at epochs 55, 60, ., 95, 100 (the final epoch) to reduce the variance. While it would be preferable to train all networks to convergence multiple times with different random seeds, this would require significantly more resources.客观陈述实验问题常用词汇被动 These ten results are used to estimate the standard deviation of the distribution of results, Providing error bars for most figures in this section.Summary PART08 SummaryStatus 1 The research results are at the heart of an academic paper , and it is the main part of the paper.Goal 2The goal is to convince the reader and make them believe t