心脏术后围手术期的液体管理原则及注意点课件.ppt
心脏术后围手术期心脏术后围手术期的液体的液体管理原则及注意点管理原则及注意点Peri-operative fluid management 第三军医大学新桥医院心外科第三军医大学新桥医院心外科刘健刘健For practical consideration,most losses and gain of body fluid occur directly from the extracellular compartment ICF(细胞内液细胞内液)占占40%Body fluid占占60%ECF(细胞外液细胞外液)占占20%plasma(血浆血浆)占占5%细胞间液占细胞间液占15%*u:成人每日水分排出量:成人每日水分排出量(2000-2500ml)(2000-2500ml) 尿尿 1000-1500ml1000-1500ml 大便大便 150ml150ml(ICUICU病人一般不计)病人一般不计) 皮肤皮肤 300-600ml300-600ml(平均(平均500ml500ml) 肺肺 200-400ml200-400ml(平均(平均350ml350ml)u即成人每日基本生理需要量即成人每日基本生理需要量(2000-2500ml)(2000-2500ml) )Sensible lossInsensible lossu:成人每日水摄入量:成人每日水摄入量(2000-2500ml)(2000-2500ml) 饮水饮水 (oral) 1000-1500ml(oral) 1000-1500ml 食物水食物水 700ml700ml (solid food) 代谢水代谢水 300ml300ml (water of oxidation)u即基本生理需要量即基本生理需要量(2000-2500ml)(2000-2500ml) Sensible gainInsensible gainu u u Compositional abnormalities include changes Compositional abnormalities include changes (1)acid-base balance ( (1)acid-base balance (酸碱酸碱) ) (2)concentration changes of potassium(K+), (2)concentration changes of potassium(K+), calcium(Ca2+), and magnesium(Mg2+)(calcium(Ca2+), and magnesium(Mg2+)(电解质电解质) )1、Volume change(容量)(容量)2、Composition change(成分)(成分)Fluid change of cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)体外循环后的液体变化体外循环后的液体变化u1、An intentional hemodilution (to lower blood viscosity during hypothermia ) 血液稀释预充血液稀释预充u2、cardioplegia or the copious use of irrigation (accumulation of excess fluid ) 心脏停搏液和冲洗液的应用心脏停搏液和冲洗液的应用u3、an increase of total body water (causes impaired organ function as it accumulates in tissues ) 体液增加体液增加u1. Total body sodium and water overload(钠水超负荷)(钠水超负荷)u2. Systemic inflammatory response symptom (SIRS) capillary permeability increase crystalloid and colloid partially shift to the interstitial spaceu3. Transient myocardial dysfunctionu3. Pulmonary venous resistance(PVR) increase and abnormalities of gas exchangeu5. Stress and hormonal responses leading to fluid and electrolyte disturbancesThe Starling equilibrium displaying the effect of The Starling equilibrium displaying the effect of different pressures on transcapillarydifferent pressures on transcapillary membrane membrane fluid flux adapted for the lungfluid flux adapted for the lung CHP COP THP TOP capillary(毛细血管) interstiturm(间质) alveoli(肺泡)CHP: capillary hydrostatic pressureCOP: capillary oncotic pressure (of which 90% is dependent on serum albumin)THP: tissue hydrostatic pressureTOP: tissue oncotic pressure u1. Careful fluid administration may decrease postoperative 1. Careful fluid administration may decrease postoperative respiratory disturbancesrespiratory disturbances u2. the elderly are especially prone to over-hydration, 2. the elderly are especially prone to over-hydration, particularly as renal dysfunction is common in this age group, particularly as renal dysfunction is common in this age group, and that care needs to be taken in avoiding acute pulmonary and that care needs to be taken in avoiding acute pulmonary oedemaoedema. . u3. A positive fluid balance was a common feature for those that 3. A positive fluid balance was a common feature for those that died and death was attributed to pulmonary oedemadied and death was attributed to pulmonary oedema or cardiac or cardiac failure on the death certificates. failure on the death certificates. u4. Careful fluid challenges of colloid guided by central venous 4. Careful fluid challenges of colloid guided by central venous pressure, resulted in improved haemodynamicspressure, resulted in improved haemodynamics (cardiac output or (cardiac output or central venous pressure), less postoperative morbidity and a central venous pressure), less postoperative morbidity and a reduction in hospital stayreduction in hospital stayu5. 5. we emphasis on avoiding fluid overload and insufficient fluid we emphasis on avoiding fluid overload and insufficient fluid therapy post-operatively, especial in the elderly. therapy post-operatively, especial in the elderly. Factors Affecting the Amount of Fluid AdministrationuPreoperative cardiovascular functionuAnesthetic technique and agent pharmacologyuCardiopulmonary bypassuPatient positionuThermoregulationuOperative fluid administrationuDuration of surgeryuOperative siteuSurgical techniqueuSplanchnic ischemiauIntraoperative cardiac functionuCapillary permeabilityuEndotoxemiauProinflammatory cytokinesuSepsisuAllergic/anaphylactic reactionsQualitative Considerations in Selection of Fluid Therapyu1. Oxygen-carrying capacityu2. Coagulation factorsu3. COP (colloid oncotic pressure )u4. Tissue edemau5. Electrolyte balanceu6. Acid-base equilibriumu7. Nutrition/glucose metabolismu8. Cerebral abnormalitiesOxygen-Carrying Capacity uThe need to provide sufficient oxygen The need to provide sufficient oxygen delivery (DOdelivery (DO2 2) is expressed) is expressed by the by the following formula: following formula: DO DO2 2 = content of arterial oxygen (CaO = content of arterial oxygen (CaO2 2) ) x cardiac output (CO).cardiac output (CO). u CaOCaO:hemoglobin level, arterial oxygen:hemoglobin level, arterial oxygen saturation (SaOsaturation (SaO2 2), and to a minimal ), and to a minimal extent dissolved oxygenextent dissolved oxygen;术后早期需术后早期需additional preload 者见于:者见于:u1. Right ventriculotomy(右室切开术右室切开术) ( 如如F4, Rastelli procedure) u 2. Cavopulmonary anastomosis(腔肺吻合术腔肺吻合术) ( 如双向如双向Glenn, Fontan)u3. Systemic to pulmonary artery shunt ( 如如Blalock procedure)u4. Operations complicated by pulmonary hypertension ( 如如obstructed TAPVC) 心脏术后液体管理措施心脏术后液体管理措施:u婴幼儿术后第一日晶体液量(微泵输入)婴幼儿术后第一日晶体液量(微泵输入)u体重的第一个体重的第一个l0kg 2mll0kg 2mlkgkgh hu体重的第二个体重的第二个10kg 1ml10kg 1mlkgkgh h u体重的第三个体重的第三个10kg 0.5ml10kg 0.5mlkgkgh h u术后第二日开始进食者总液量:术后第二日开始进食者总液量: 4ml/kg4ml/kgh hu血浆、全血按血浆、全血按5-10ml/kg5-10ml/kg补充,白蛋白按补充,白蛋白按2.5-5ml/kg2.5-5ml/kg补充补充注意点注意点:ua.a.心衰,呼吸机应用者:心衰,呼吸机应用者:2-3ml2-3mlkgkgh hub.b.体温升高体温升高1 1,液体量增加,液体量增加10%10%uc.c.置开放暖箱,液体量增加置开放暖箱,液体量增加10-1510-15ud.d.不能脱机者术后不能脱机者术后48h48h(肠鸣音恢复),必须常规予胃(肠鸣音恢复),必须常规予胃肠营养,营养素肠营养,营养素50-100ml50-100ml,4-5/4-5/日,胃管注入。日,胃管注入。u 因肌松剂影响肠鸣音恢复者予静脉营养。因肌松剂影响肠鸣音恢复者予静脉营养。 总热卡总热卡=50-100kcal/kg/day=50-100kcal/kg/day。 成人术后的液体管理成人术后的液体管理:u成术后第一日晶体液按成术后第一日晶体液按1ml1mlkgkgh hu术后第二日总液量术后第二日总液量 2ml2mlkgkgh h 注:注:a.a.心衰,呼吸机应用者液体酌减心衰,呼吸机应用者液体酌减u b.b.补液总量补液总量= =继续丢失量继续丢失量+ +生理需要量生理需要量 生理需要量一般不低于生理需要量一般不低于1500ml1500ml,以,以5%GS5%GS为主。为主。u c.c.不能脱机者术后不能脱机者术后48h48h(肠鸣音恢复),必须予营(肠鸣音恢复),必须予营养素养素200ml200ml,4-5/4-5/日,胃管注入。日,胃管注入。 总热卡总热卡=30-50kcal/kg/day=30-50kcal/kg/day。u d.d.肾衰少尿期补液原则肾衰少尿期补液原则 每日补液量每日补液量=前一天尿量前一天尿量+额外丧失量额外丧失量+不显性失水内生不显性失水内生水水 液体成分:液体成分: u 1) 1)婴幼儿输以婴幼儿输以1010GSGS为主的含电解质的为主的含电解质的1 14 41 15 5张张混合液混合液(NS:GS 1(NS:GS 1:3-4)3-4)例:例:1010Gs 250mlGs 250ml 10 10NaCl NaCl 5ml5ml 10 10KCl KCl 5ml5ml 25%MgSO 25%MgSO3 3 2-3ml 2-3mlu 2) 2) 成人输以成人输以5 5GSGS的含电解质液(其中包括极化液的含电解质液(其中包括极化液1010GS 500mlGS 500ml)婴幼儿血K维持在3.5-4.0mmol/L成人先心血K维持在4.0-4.5mmol/L成人风心血K维持在4.5-5.0mmol/L(可显著降低术后室性心律失常的发生率)心脏术后电解质紊乱的纠正心脏术后电解质紊乱的纠正 钾的正常代谢钾的正常代谢(正常胞内(正常胞内K K是胞外是胞外K K的的3535倍)倍)体钾体钾多摄多排多摄多排少摄少排少摄少排不摄也排不摄也排肾肾消化道消化道5-10mmol汗汗0-10mmol食物食物50-200mmolECF钾钾140- 160mmol/L90%ICF uTreatmentuOral supplementation preferred unless significant symptoms presentuAmount of potassium needed proportional to muscle mass and body weightuEach 1 mEq/L decrease in K reflects a deficit of 150-400 m Eq in total body potassium(一)、低血钾:血清钾(一)、低血钾:血清钾3 35 mmol5 mmol/L/LHypokalemia 1 1、 一般浓度补钾一般浓度补钾(0.3%)(0.3%): 10%KCl 30ml +GS l000ml 10%KCl 30ml +GS l000ml 2 2、 高浓度补钾:高浓度补钾:补钾公式:补钾公式:成人缺成人缺K K(mmolmmol)= =(4.54.5实测实测K K)0.30.3kgkg 即:补即:补K K(10%KCl ml10%KCl ml)= =(4.54.5实测实测K K)0.2250.225kgkg 婴幼儿缺婴幼儿缺K K(mmolmmol)= =(4.04.0实测实测K K)0.30.3kgkg 补补K K(10%KCl ml10%KCl ml)= =(4.04.0实测实测K K)0.2250.225kgkg予予KCl KCl 2mEq 2mEq ,则血清钾升高,则血清钾升高0.1 mEq0.1 mEq/L/L(一)、低血钾:血清钾(一)、低血钾:血清钾3 35 mmol5 mmol/L/L 具体方法:具体方法:成人血成人血K K+ +3.0 mmoI3.0 mmoIL L时时 10%KCl 15-20ml +GS 50ml 10%KCl 15-20ml +GS 50ml ,微泵,微泵1h1h泵入。泵入。 血血K K+ +3.5 mmoI3.5 mmoIL L时时 10%KCl 10ml +GS 30-50ml 10%KCl 10ml +GS 30-50ml ,微泵,微泵1h1h泵入泵入。 婴幼儿(婴幼儿(0.2-0.3mmoI0.2-0.3mmoIkg/h+ GS 20-30 mlkg/h+ GS 20-30 ml)血血K K+ +3.0 mmoI3.0 mmoIL L时时 10%KCl 0.4 ml10%KCl 0.4 mlkg +GS 20-30ml kg +GS 20-30ml ,1h1h泵入。泵入。 血血K K+ +3.5 mmoI1 ml1 mlkgkgh hu2) 2) 浓度不可高:婴幼儿浓度不可高:婴幼儿1010KCl KCl 2 ml2 mlGS 10 GS 10 mlml,小儿以,小儿以0.2-0.5mmoI0.2-0.5mmoIkg/hkg/h速度补充,成人补钾速速度补充,成人补钾速度度10- 20 mEq10- 20 mEq /h /h。u3)3)选择中心静脉,速度不可过快,须微泵泵入选择中心静脉,速度不可过快,须微泵泵入1 1小时,小时,不可静脉推注。不可静脉推注。u4) 4) 每次补完每次补完20-3020-30分钟后复查血钾,直至正常范围分钟后复查血钾,直至正常范围。u5) 5) 血血K K维持在正常低限维持在正常低限3.5-4.0mmol/L3.5-4.0mmol/L,呈动态下降趋,呈动态下降趋势时,常意味机体缺钾,尤老年风心或洋地黄治疗者,势时,常意味机体缺钾,尤老年风心或洋地黄治疗者,必须补钾。必须补钾。u6) 6) 酸中毒伴低钾,先补钾后纠酸。酸中毒伴低钾,先补钾后纠酸。 1. 1. 予予10%KCl 10ml 10%KCl 10ml ,则血清钾约升高,则血清钾约升高 0.6 mmol0.6 mmol/L /L 2. 2. 酸中毒酸中毒K+K+移出细胞,则高钾移出细胞,则高钾 机制机制H+-K+跨膜交换跨膜交换 碱中毒碱中毒 K+ K+移入细胞,则低钾移入细胞,则低钾 肾排肾排K+改变改变 膜对膜对K+通透性改变通透性改变 (K decreases 0.3-0.6 for every 0.1 increase in pH) 0.1 pH0.6 mmol 0.1 pH0.6 mmol/L K+/L K+3. 合成增加合成增加细胞外细胞外K+K+进入细胞内进入细胞内血血K+K+ 分解增强分解增强细胞内细胞内K+K+移出细胞外移出细胞外血血K+K+ 合成合成1 1克糖原约需克糖原约需0.36-0.45 mmol0.36-0.45 mmol钾,钾,1 1克蛋白质约需克蛋白质约需0.5 mmol0.5 mmol钾。钾。4. 4. 补血钾易,补细胞内钾难,因补血钾易,补细胞内钾难,因* 原因原因causesu1. Redistributionacidosisdigitalis overdoseAD hyperkalemic periodic paralysisu2. Impaired potassium secretionAldosterone deficiencyu3. Renal failure: GFR 1,000,000 WBC 200,000(二)、高血钾:血清钾(二)、高血钾:血清钾55 mmol/LHyperkalemia Treatment(治疗原则)(治疗原则)u1. First phase is emergency treatment to counteract the effects of hyperkalemia(葡萄糖酸钙拮抗高钾葡萄糖酸钙拮抗高钾)IV Calciumu2. Temporizing treatment to drive the potassium into the cells(使钾向细胞内转移使钾向细胞内转移)glucose plus insulinNaHCO3(二)、高血钾:血清钾(二)、高血钾:血清钾55 mmol/L Treatmentu3. Therapy directed at actual removal of potassium from the body(降低体钾总量降低体钾总量)sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)dialysisu4. Determine and correct the underlying cause(病因治疗病因治疗) 1 1、血清钾血清钾555 mmol5 mmol/L /L 处理:停用钾,给利尿剂处理:停用钾,给利尿剂2 2、血清钾、血清钾665 mmol5 mmol/L/L 处理方法:处理方法:1)1)葡萄糖胰岛素疗法葡萄糖胰岛素疗法(10kg(1010岁,可用岁,可用150ml150ml 5) 5)透析透析 u1) 1) 血钙正常值血钙正常值1.15-1.35 mmo1/L1.15-1.35 mmo1/Lu2 2)正常人血钙)正常人血钙4040与蛋白结合,与蛋白结合,6060游离钙,其中游离钙,其中8080离子钙一维持神经肌肉兴奋性,胞外钙是胞内钙的离子钙一维持神经肌肉兴奋性,胞外钙是胞内钙的20,00020,000倍。倍。u3 3)细胞受损,胞外)细胞受损,胞外Ca2+Ca2+内流增加,血内流增加,血Ca2+Ca2+降低降低u4 4)胞内线粒体、肌浆网钙库)胞内线粒体、肌浆网钙库Ca2+Ca2+摄取减少,则细胞内摄取减少,则细胞内Ca2+Ca2+超载。超载。(三三)、低血钙:、低血钙: u1)1)新生儿婴幼儿:新生儿婴幼儿:1010葡萄糖酸钙,葡萄糖酸钙,0.5 ml0.5 mlkgkg次次u2 2)年长儿:)年长儿: 1010葡萄糖酸钙葡萄糖酸钙0.13ml0.13mlkgkg次次u3 3)库血)库血100 ml(100 ml(补钙补钙0.1g)0.1g):1010葡萄糖酸钙葡萄糖酸钙1.3-2 ml1.3-2 mlu4 4)成人:)成人:1010葡萄糖酸钙葡萄糖酸钙 0.1- 0.2ml0.1- 0.2mlkgkg次次 1010葡萄糖酸钙葡萄糖酸钙1ml1ml含含9mg Ca9mg Ca2+2+ 补钙注意点补钙注意点:u1)1)最大量最大量5 ml5 mlkgkg天天 u2)2)禁同时静脉用西地兰,或血浆、白蛋白、全血禁同时静脉用西地兰,或血浆、白蛋白、全血 。u3)3)选择中心静脉,如出现皮肤红斑,局部肿胀硬块立选择中心静脉,如出现皮肤红斑,局部肿胀硬块立即停止。即停止。 u4)4)婴幼儿用婴幼儿用GS 10-20 mlGS 10-20 ml稀释后微泵泵入稀释后微泵泵入1h1h,速度过快、,速度过快、剂量过大,可引起心脏停搏、室速室颤等严重并发症,剂量过大,可引起心脏停搏、室速室颤等严重并发症,低钾、低氧血症或洋地黄化后尤易出现。低钾、低氧血症或洋地黄化后尤易出现。 u5)5)低钾或刚低钾或刚iviv过洋地黄不能立即用钙剂,以防发生严过洋地黄不能立即用钙剂,以防发生严重的室性心律失常或室颤。重的室性心律失常或室颤。 (心脏的兴奋因子)(心脏的兴奋因子)u6)6)婴儿补充大量钙后仍血钙不理想,可能合并低镁,婴儿补充大量钙后仍血钙不理想,可能合并低镁,应适当补镁。应适当补镁。 u1 1正常血镁正常血镁0.7-1.15 mmo1/L0.7-1.15 mmo1/L儿童儿童0.6-0.8 mmo1/L0.6-0.8 mmo1/Lu2 2低镁易合并低钾、低钙和碱中毒,应同时纠正。低镁易合并低钾、低钙和碱中毒,应同时纠正。u3 3预防低血镁:补镁预防低血镁:补镁0.125-0.25mmol/kg/day0.125-0.25mmol/kg/day 即即25%MgSO4 (ml) 0.125-0.25 ml/kg/day25%MgSO4 (ml) 0.125-0.25 ml/kg/dayu4 4严重低血镁:血镁严重低血镁:血镁0.5 mmo1/L0.5 mmo1/L 补镁补镁0.5-1mmol/kg/day0.5-1mmol/kg/day 即即25%MgSO4 (ml) 0.5-1 ml/kg/day25%MgSO4 (ml) 0.5-1 ml/kg/dayu5 5单次补镁剂量:单次补镁剂量:25mg/kg25mg/kgu6 6予予25%MgSO4 2g 25%MgSO4 2g ,则血清镁升高,则血清镁升高2 mEq2 mEq/L,/L,可降低术可降低术后房性室性心律失常的发生率。后房性室性心律失常的发生率。(四四)、低血镁:、低血镁: uA low serum Na does not tell us whether total extracellular Na is increased, decreased,or normalu It only tells us that there is excess water relative to Nau Most cases of hyponatremia are caused by impaired water excretion in the presence of continued water intake(五五)、低血钠(、低血钠(Hyponatremia) :血清钠血清钠130mmolL u 1)1)限制水份、利尿限制水份、利尿( (稀释性低钠稀释性低钠) )u 2) 2)补补NaClNaClu 成人补钠量成人补钠量(mmol(mmol)=(140-)=(140-实测实测Na) Na) kgkg0.60.6u 婴幼儿补钠量婴幼儿补钠量(mmol(mmol)=(130-)=(130-实测实测Na) Na) kgkg0.60.6u 3) 3)注意点:注意点:ua a当天补当天补2/32/3量,分布在量,分布在24h24h补液中,避免脑细胞损害。补液中,避免脑细胞损害。u 即补即补1010NaClNaCl (ml)=(140 (ml)=(140或或130-130-实测实测Na) Na) kgkg0.160.16ub b次日补次日补1/31/3量量uc c低钠常合并低钾,只要血低钠常合并低钾,只要血K4.5mmol/LK4.5mmol/L,就必须补钾,否则随钠,就必须补钾,否则随钠泵活性的增强,可导致低钾和碱中毒的进一步加重。泵活性的增强,可导致低钾和碱中毒的进一步加重。(五五)、低血钠:、低血钠:血清钠血清钠130mmolL u 1) 1)原因治疗,处理原发病和诱发因素原因治疗,处理原发病和诱发因素u2) 2) 纠酸:纠酸:u a. a. 毫当量碳酸氢钠毫当量碳酸氢钠=0.6=0.6kgkgBEBE,一般先补充,一般先补充1/21/2量量u即即5 5碳酸氢钠碳酸氢钠(ml)=kg(ml)=kgBEBE3 3uu b. THAM ( b. THAM (不含钠的碱性溶液不含钠的碱性溶液3.63.6溶液溶液) ) u THAM(mEq THAM(mEq)=0.25)=0.25kgkgBEBE,一般先补充,一般先补充1/21/2量量 (四四)、代谢性酸中毒、代谢性酸中毒 : u1)1) 诱因主要是低钾血症或低氯血症,而碱中毒又导诱因主要是低钾血症或低氯血症,而碱中毒又导致低血钾的程度更严重。代谢性碱中毒可引起低钾血致低血钾的程度更严重。代谢性碱中毒可引起低钾血症、低氯血症、低钙血症、低镁血症。症、低氯血症、低钙血症、低镁血症。u2)2) 治疗应首先纠正电解质紊乱,补充治疗应首先纠正电解质紊乱,补充K K+ +和和ClCl- -,而不,而不是补充酸性物质;同时也应补足血容量。是补充酸性物质;同时也应补足血容量。u3)3) 严重碱中毒,可给予盐酸精氨酸(对改善细胞内严重碱中毒,可给予盐酸精氨酸(对改善细胞内碱中毒效果好,因为有机阳离子精氨酸容易进入细胞碱中毒效果好,因为有机阳离子精氨酸容易进入细胞内,易引起钾离子从细胞内移出)。内,易引起钾离子从细胞内移出)。 盐酸精氨酸盐酸精氨酸(ml)=kg(ml)=kgBEBE6 6u4) 4) 有症状者可给予葡萄糖酸钙有症状者可给予葡萄糖酸钙iviv,以及硫酸镁,以及硫酸镁VDVD,并,并给予镇静剂。给予镇静剂。 (四四)、代谢性碱中毒、代谢性碱中毒 : 谢谢 谢!谢!第一讲:心脏术后围手术期的液体管理原则及注意点第一讲:心脏术后围手术期的液体管理原则及注意点重点重点u1.成人每日基本生理需要量?成人每日基本生理需要量? u2.体外循环对机体的主要影响?体外循环对机体的主要影响?5条条u3.婴幼儿术后液体管理措施?婴幼儿术后液体管理措施? 3条条u4.术后血钾维持水平?术后血钾维持水平? 婴幼儿血婴幼儿血K K维持在维持在? mmolmmol/L/L成人先心血成人先心血K K维持在维持在? mmolmmol/L/L成人风心血成人风心血K K维持在维持在? mmolmmol/L/Lu5. .予予10%10%KCl KCl 10ml 10ml ,则血清钾约升高,则血清钾约升高 ? mmolmmol/L/L u6. 高血钾治疗原则?高血钾治疗原则?4条条u7. 新生儿婴幼儿:新生儿婴幼儿:1010葡萄糖酸钙,葡萄糖酸钙, ? mlmlkgkg次次 成人:成人:1010葡萄糖酸钙葡萄糖酸钙 ? mlmlkgkg次次