考研阅读理解和答案(共6页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Text4 The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used the principle in recent years justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain ,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient . Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore center, contends that the principle will shield doctors “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient patient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.” George Annas ,chair of the health law department at Boston University ,maintains that , as long as a doctor prescribes drug for a legitimate medical purpose ,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten the death ,”Its like surgery ”,he says .”We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctor didnt intent to kill their patients although they risked their death .if you are a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the courts ruling on physician assisted suicide, the national Academy of science released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving care at the end of life .It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive sue of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures the may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctor to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care and to develop new standard for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear .” That painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension .1. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that _B_A: doctor used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.B: it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.C: the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.D: patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text _C_A: Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.B: Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C: The Court ruled that high-dosage pain relieving medication can be prescribed.D: A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.3. According to the NAS report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is _ B_A: prolonged medical procedures.B: inadequate treatment of pain.C: systematic hospital care.D: insufficient hospital care.4. Which of the following best defines the word: aggressive._A_A: Bold B: HarmfulC: CarelessD: Desperate.5. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they _D_A : their patients incompetently.B: give patients more medicine than neededC: reduce drug dosages for their patients.D: prolong the needless suffering of the patients.解析：第一段： Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.最高法庭关于医生协助病人自杀问题的裁决，对于寻求如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦和折磨，具有重要的意义。 第二段： Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the court in effort supported the medical principle of “double effect”. 尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利吗，然而最高法庭实际上却支持医疗界的“双效”原则。 第三段：Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain even though increasing dosage will eventually kill the patient.今年来，医生们一直使用这项原则，为自己给病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡阵痛的行为辩护，尽管不断的增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。第四段：Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death. 蒙特菲奥里医生疗中心主任南希.道布勒认为，这项原则会保护一些医生，这些医生直到现在还在坚持认为，如果加大剂量可能加速病人死亡，那就不给病人提供足够的镇痛剂。第五段：George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. 波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治 . 安纳斯认为，只要医生开药是出于合法的医疗目的，那么病人即使服用此药会加速死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。 第六段： on another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debates has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. 另一方面，许多医学界人士承认，至使协助自杀的争论变得激烈的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人而言，现代医学延长了他们临终前肉体的痛苦。 第七段：Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of science released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the end of life. 就在最高法庭对协助自杀做出裁决的前三周，国家科学院公布了一份两卷的报告临近死亡：改善临终护理。第八段：The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. 医疗行业正在采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人修养所接受培训，测评各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识，为医院护理制定一份医疗制定条例，以及为评估和治疗临终病痛制定新标准。 第九段：Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.专心-专注-专业