初中英语时态详解(共7页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上初中英语时态汇总一、什么叫时态?英语中不同时间发生的动作要用动词的不同形式来表示,这种动词的不同形式叫做时态。二、时态的种类常见的英语时态有16种,但初中阶段一般要求掌握9种。请见下表:(以动词work为例) 时态名称例 句主语谓 语时间状语 一般现在时He worksevery day 一般过去时Heworkedyesterday 一般将来时Hewill workto morrow 过去将来时Hesaid he would workthe next day现在进行时Heis workingnow过去进行时Hewas workingat that time现在完成时Hehas workedfor two hours过去完成时Hehad workedfor two hours by then现在完成进行时Hehas been working heresince 10 years ago时态往往和其时间状语有着密切的联系。现就常用9种时态及其常用时间状语等问题分别简介于下:1.一般现在时一般现在时用来表示:a. 客观事实和普遍真理;b. 习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态;c. 主语现有的特征。常与下列时间状语连用:(1)always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never等。如:It never snows in Australia in December.澳大利亚的十二月里从来不下雪。(2)once a year, twice a day, every day, every month, every other day(每隔一天),every two days(每隔两天)等。如:I hear from her every other week.我每隔一周收到她的来信。(3)有时可与表示未来的时间状语连用,表达按一定规定、计划或安排要发生的情况,此类状语有:at 11:30, tomorrow, tonight, now等。如:Where do we go now?我们现在到哪儿去?2.现在进行时现在进行时表示说话时或目前阶段正在进行的动作。常与下列时间状语连用:now, this month, today, at 7:30 等。如:Its raining now.现在正在下雨。Hes looking after his brother today.他今天在照看弟弟。现在进行时多数情况下没有具体的时间状语,一般通过上下文显示动作正在进行。如:Who are you waiting for?你在等谁?They are listening to an English talk.他们在听一个英语报告。3.一般过去时一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或状态。用于一般过去时的时间状语有:(1)then, at that time, at that moment, just now, just then, recently等。如:Tom was here just now.汤姆刚才在这儿。(2)yesterday, yesterday morning(afternoon, evening), last night, last week(month, year, Sunday, January)等。如:I wasnt last night.昨天晚上我不在家。(3)during the war, a few days(months, years) ago等。如:I went to the town a few days ago.几天前我去了城里一趟。(4)由when, while, before, after, whenever等引导的表示过去时间的状语从句。如:When he came back, he found a note on his desk.当他回来时,看见书桌上有一张字条。(5) “in(on或at)+一个过去的时间”,如in 1976, on the evening of May 4th, at 9:00等。如:She was born in 1968.她出生于1968年。4.一般将来时一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来时间的状语连用。如:(1) tomorrow, today, tonight;(2) next spring, next month;(3) during the holidays, during this term;(4) at 12:30;(5) by then, by Sunday;(6) first, next;(7) when I grow up等。如:Who is going to speak first?谁先发言?He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.他长大以后要当医生。5.过去将来时过去将来时指的是立足于过去某时,从过去的观点看将来发生的动作。常用的时间状语有:(1) the next day, that day(night);(2) the following week;(3) last week;(4) at 11:50;(5) by then;(6) first, next;(7) when he grew up, after is stopped raining等。如:We were going to have a football match that day, but it rained.那天我们准备进行一场足球赛,但下雨了。6.过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻(候)正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语有:(1) at 8:00 last night, this time yesterday;(2) when I saw him, while I was reading a novel;(3) last year, yesterday morning;(4) from seven to nine等。如:What were you doing at ten yesterday?昨天十点钟你在干什么?They were watching TV when I got there.我到那儿时他们在看电视。7.现在完成时现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果或影响,也可指过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有:(1) now, today, tonight, this week(year)等。如:I have had a clock now.我现在有一个闹钟了。(2)yet, already, just, recently等。如:Have you already posted the photos?你把照片寄走了吗?(3)由since引导的时间状语或时间状语从句。如:Great changes have taken place in my hometown since liberation.解放以来,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。(4)由for构成的表示一段时间的状语。如:He has been away from Beijing for two months.他已离开北京两个月了。8.过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某一动作或时间以前已发生或完成的动作,也可指从过去某时开始到过去另一时为止的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”。常用的时间状语有: (1)before he came here, when I got there.等。如:The meeting had begun when we got there.我们到那儿时,会议已经开始了。(2) by last month, by the end of last year(June)等。如:We had learned about 1,200 English words by the end of last term.到上学期期末为止,我们已学习了大约1,200个英语单词。9.现在完成进行时1. 定义 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。2. 现在完成进行时的构成现在完成进行时是由“have/has+been+动词的现在分词”构成3. 现在完成进行时的基本句型 肯定式疑问式简略回答I have been working.Have you been working?Yes, I/we have.No, I/we haven´t.He/She/It has been working.Has he/she/it been working?Yes, he/she/it has.No, he/she/it hasn´t.We/You/They have been working.Have they been working?Yes, they have.No, they haven´t.注: 现在完成进行时基本上没有否定结构4 现在完成时的语法作用 (1)在强调指出动作还未结束,还要继续下去。如:I´ve been reading this book for two hours, but I haven´t finished it. 这本书我已读了两个小时了,但我还没读完。I´ve read this book.我已读完这本书了。(2)强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。She has always been working like that.她一贯是这样工作的。(3)动作不包含持续意义的动作,要表示延续到现在的动作,要用现在完成进行时。They´ve been building a ship.(在进行)他们一直在造一艘船。(4)现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。We´ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们经常见面。三、几种常用时态的用法比较1一般现在时与现在进行时的用法比较(1)一般现在时用以说明客观事实或情况,或用于强调动作的永久性、经常性或反复性。而现在进行时强调动作正在进行,因此它不仅表示动作是暂时的(即动作的持续时间是有限的),而且这种动作常含有未完成性。试比较:The old man writes childrens stories.那位老人是写儿童小说的。(说明客观事实)The old man is now writing a story.那位老人现在正在编写一个故事。(描述正在进行的动作)She is kind.她很善良。(指她一贯心地善良)She is being kind.她现在显得很善良。(表示暂时性,平时她并不善良)John types his own letters.约翰自己用打字机打信。(说明经常性)John is typing his own letters today.约翰今天自己正在用打字机打信。(表示暂时性、未完成)(2)有些动词,如like, hate, want, believe, guess, know, mean, remember, hear, see, sound, seem等,不能用于进行时,即使表示说话时正在进行的动作也通常用一般现在时。如:I know her.我认识她。(不能说:*I am knowing her.)Mary likes this green coat.玛丽喜欢这件绿大衣。(不能说:* Mary is liking.)某些动词既可用于一般现在时,又可用于现在进行时,但意义有所不同。试比较:What are you thinking about?你在想些什么?I think youre right.我认为你是正确的。He is smelling the meat.他正在闻肉。The meat smells bad.这肉有臭味了。某些表示身体感觉的词(如hurt, ache, feel等),用一般现在时和现在进行时没有多大差别。如:How do you feel today? ?How are you feeling today?你今天感觉怎么样?My head is aching.? My head aches.我头疼。(3)一般现在时用于说明事实,一般不带感情色彩;而现在进行时与always等词连用时带有感情色彩。如:He always asks questions.他经常提问题。(无感情色彩)He is always asking questions.他老爱提问题。(表示厌烦)2.一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较(1) 一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。试比较:We have visited a power station.我们参观了发电站。(说明现在对电站有所了解)We visited a power station last week.上周我们参观了发电站。(只说明上周参观发电站这一事实)I have lost my pen.我把钢笔丢了。(意为还没找到)She lost her pen yesterday.她昨天把钢笔丢了。(笔是昨天丢的,现在找到与否,没有说明)(2) 有些时间状语,如this morning, tonight, this month等,既可用于一般过去时,也可用于现在完成时,但所表示的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在”在内,而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。如:I have read this book this April.我今年四月份看过这本书。(讲话时仍然是四月份)I read this book this April.我今年四月份看过这本书。(讲话时四月份已过)I have written two letters this morning.今天上午我写了两封信。(讲话时仍然是上午)I wrote two letters this morning.今天上午我写了两封信。(讲话时已是下午或晚上)3.一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较(1)一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,往往表示动作已完成;而过去进行时则表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作,表示动作的未完成性。试比较:I read a book that evening.那天晚上我读了一本书。(指读完了整本书)I was reading a book that evening.那天晚上我在读一本书。(指读了书的一部分)Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。(信写完了)Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚在给她的朋友写信。(信不一定写完)(2)过去进行时和一般过去时都可表示过去某段时间内发生的动作或情况,但过去进行时通常用来说明短暂的动作和状态,侧重于动作持续时间的长度;而一般过去时则只说明过去发生了某事的事实。如:I often went to swim while I was living in Qingdao.我在青岛住的时间经常去游泳。I lived in Qingdao for ten years.我曾在青岛住了十年。4.一般过去时与过去完成时的用法比较(1) 一般过去时表示过去时间发生的动作或存在状态,而过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”。当强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时,常用此时态。试比较:The class had already begun when I came to school.当我来到学校时,已经开始上课了。He had gone home before I got to his office.我到达他的办公室以前,他已经回家了。(2) 一般过去时与过去完成时都可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用,但侧重点有所不同。试比较:They had done the work at five oclock.在五点钟的时候他们已经完成了那项工作。(本句中的at相当于by)They did the work at five oclock.他们是在五点钟做那项工作的。上述第一句只说明工作在五点钟已经完成,并未说明工作是什么时候做的;第二句就明确告诉我们,工作是五点钟做的。 (3)在带有after或before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,由于从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如:He called on me soon after he had returned.他回来不久便来拜访我。也可以说:He called on me soon after he returned.The train had left before I got to the station.我到车站时,火车已经开走了。也可以说:The train left before I got to the station.(4)对于一连串的过去动作,其发生的先后顺序,有时可以由动词的词汇意义来表示,无需再用过去完成时。如:She looked around but saw nothing.她环顾四周,但是什么也没看到。He came in and said hello to everyone.他进来向每一个人问好。5. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别(1)现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性,它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较:We´ve been living here for ten years.We´ve lived here for ten years.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。(2)在不用时间状语的情况下,现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如: The students have been preparing for the exam.(还在进行)学生们一直在准备考试。The students have prepared for the exam.(已经结束)学生们为考试作了准备。(3)有些表示状态,感情,感觉的动词如:have, like, hate, hear, know, sound等动词不能用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时。如:They´ve known each other since 1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。四、时态与时间不一致的情况1.一般现在时(1)在时间和条件状语从句中表示“将来”的动作。如:I wont leave here until he comes back.他不来的话,我不会走的。I will go to town if it doesnt rain tomorrow.明天不下雨的话,我要到城里去。(2)表示预定的近期将发生的动作或状态。如:The train starts out at 7:50 in the evening.火车在晚上7:50开车。We leave for Europe next Sunday.下星期天我们将动身去欧洲。这种用法一般限于表示来往动作的动词,如arrive, come, go, leave, set off, start, return等,同时句中一定有表示“将来”的时间状语,如tomorrow, next week等。(3)有时用来表示说话时正在进行的动作。如:Here comes the bus!公共汽车来了!There goes the bell!铃响了!2一般过去时(1)有时用来表示目前的动作。如:Did you hear me?你听见我讲话了吗?I forgot to bring my umbrella with me.我忘记带雨伞了。(2)表示目前非真实的情况或不能实现的愿望(即虚拟语气)。如:I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day.我希望有一天能坐上宇宙飞船到月球上去。Its time you went home.你该回家了。If I were you, I would go with him.我是你的话,我就跟他去。3现在进行时(1) 表示近期安排好将要进行的动作。如:We are leaving on Saturday morning.我们将于星期六早晨动身。Are you staying here till next week?你准备在这儿呆到下个星期吗?这种用法仅限于表示行动的动词,如go, come, start, leave, return, arrive, stay等,常和表示“将来”的时间状语连用。(2) 表示习惯性的、经常反复的动作,往往带有一定的感情色彩,句中常有always,often等词。如:You are always giving me trouble.你总是给我添麻烦。He is always helping us.他总是帮助我们。4宾语从句中时态不一致的情况在下列情况下,如果主句谓语动词为过去时态,宾语从句中的动词时态不因说话的时间而受限制,仍可用一般现在时。 (1)当宾语从句表示的是科学真理、客观事实、格言或其他不受时间限制、影响,客观存在的事物时。如:Long ago people didnt know that the earth moves round the sun.很久以前人们不知道地球绕着太阳运转。When she was a child, she knew that the Changjiang River is the longest river in China.她从小就知道长江是中国最长的河流。She told her son that practice makes perfect.她对儿子说,熟能生巧。(2)当宾语从句用来解释、表达科技内容时。如:Our teacher told us that the attraction of the earth for all bodies is called gravity.老师告诉我们,地球对一切物体的吸引叫万有引力。(3) 当宾语从句表示一种反复出现或目前习惯性动作时。如:He said he takes a walk after supper every day.他说每天晚饭后他都去散步。(4)当宾语从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作在转述时仍在继续,或表示现在时刻仍存在状态时。如:She told me the other day that she is only eighteen.几天前她告诉我她才十八岁。He said his father is attending a meeting in Beijing.他说他父亲目前正在北京开会。5其它从句,如比较状语从句、定语从句等,不受时态的影响,应根据实际需要,选择适当的时态。如:Last night I read the book which you are reading now.昨晚我读了你现在正在读的这本书。It was warmer yesterday than it is today.昨天比今天暖和。五、延续性动词与终止性动词英语按其动作发生的方式,动作发生过程的长短,分为延续性动词(Durative Verbs)和终止性动词(Terminative Verbs)。延续性动词表示的动作是一种延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久的影响。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live等。终止性动词亦称非延续性动词、瞬间动词,表示的动作不能延续,即动作发生后立即结束,产生某种结果。在有了某种结果之后,动作就不能再继续下去。如:leave, start, set out, arrive, reach, get to, begin, stop, shut, turn off, marry, put, put on, get up, wake, fall, join, meet(碰见), receive, accept(接受), finish, end, complete(完成), become, come, go, die, open, close, break, give, jump, buy, borrow等。1终止性动词的用法特征延续性动词的完成时在使用上没有多大的限制,比较容易掌握,但终止性动词在完成时中的用法值得注意:(1)终止性动词可用来表示某一动作的完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如:The plane has arrived.飞机到了。Have you borrowed an English-Chinese dictionary?你借了一本英汉词典吗?(2)终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续,所以其现在完成时(只限肯定式)不能和表示一段时间的状语,如for three years, since he came here等连用。请看下面的例句:a.他死了三年了。误:He has died for three years.b.他来这儿三个月了。误:He has come here for three months.a, b两句的动词die和come均为终止性动词,它们可以用于完成时,但不能同表示一段时间的状语for three years(months)连用。那a, b两句应如何译成英语呢?可采用如下的办法:A 用能够表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。如:a. He has been dead for three years.b. He has been here for three months.可用表示持续状态的词替换终止性动词的情况常见的有:arrive, come be here, be in; begin, start be on; buy have;die be dead; fall asleep(ill) be asleep(ill); finish, end be over;get to know know;get up be up; go out be out join be in 或be a +名词;leave, move be away, be out of等。B把误句中表示一段时间的状语改成表示过去时间的状语,原动词的完成时改为过去时,也可表示原句的意思。如:a. He died three years ago.b. He came here three months ago.C.用“It is+时间+since”句型也可表达原句的内容。如:a. It is three years since he died.b. It is three months since he came here.注意:主句须用一般现在时,since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。以上两个句子还可以这样写:a. It has been three years since he died.b. It has been three months since he came here.D.用“多长时间+have(has) passed +since”句型,也可表达a b句的内容。如:a. Three years has (have) passed since he died.b. Three months has(have) passed since he came here.(3) 终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已成为一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语(如for或since引导的时间状语)连用。如:I havent heard from him for two weeks.我已两个星期没有收到他的信了。He hasnt left here since 1985.自从1985年以来,他一直没有离开过这儿。(4)终止性动词的否定式(只能是否定式)同until一起连用,构成“not+终止性动词+until(till)”句型,意为“直到才”。如:The students will not begin the meeting until(till) their teacher comes.学生们等老师一到就开始开会。(学生不开始开会这一状态要持续到老师来的时候为止。)You cant leave here until midnight.到午夜你们才能离开这里。其强调句中not until不能分开:It is not until midnight that you can leave here.(5)在while(表示“一段时间”)引导的从句里,不能用终止性动词,但when可以。因为when既可表示“时间的点”,也可表示“一段时间”。如:误:While he got to England, he found his English was too limited (有限的)。正:When he got to England, he found his English was too limited.(6)终止性动词肯定式的完成时不能同how long连用,否定式可以。如:误:How long have you bought your glasses?可改用延续性动词与when连用的一般过去时。正:How long have you had your glasses?正:When did you buy your glasses?2.延续性动词的用法要点(1)延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时可以同“段时间状语”连用。如:I have learned English for nearly three years.我学英语快三年了。(2)延续性动词不能和表示“时间点”的时间状语连用。如:误:It rained at eight yesterday morning.rain为延续性动词,而at eight是表示“时间点”的状语,显然矛盾。如果要用延续性动词表示一瞬间的行为,可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表达,上句可改为:正:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.再如:When did you get to know Jack?The year before last. Then youve known each other for about two years.Thats right.该对话中的get to know和have known就属此用法。(4) 延续性动词同until(till)连用时,既可以是肯否式,也可以是否定式,但含义不同。用其肯定式时表示持续状态或动作,意为“到的时候为止”;用否定式表示动作或状态在特定时刻的转变,也就是说,until之后的动作或时间来到,主句谓语的动作要结束,向相反的方向转化。试比较:He listened to the radio until his father came back.他收听收音机,直到他父亲回来为止。He did not listen to the radio until his father came back.他父亲回来了他才开始听收音机。He will be here till Sunday.(持续状态)他将在这儿一直呆到星期天。He will not be here till Sunday.(特定时刻的转变)到星期天,他才能到这儿。专心-专注-专业