2022年初中英语语法时态总结归纳 .pdf

初中英语语法时态归纳语法归纳：一般现在时一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作。其动词形式是： 动词原形 (只有第三人称单数作主语时除外，要加 -s) 其疑问句和否定句需要用助动词do或 does 。1) 肯定句用实义动词的原形：They get up very early every morning. 他们每天早晨起来很早。2) 否定句用 dont + 动词原形：We do not go shopping on Sundays. 我们周日不去购物。3) 一般疑问句：Do they go to school at seven oclock? 他们七点去上学吗? -Yes, they do./-No, they dont. 时间词： often 经常， always 总是， sometimes 有时， usually 通常， on Sundays每个星期天，every day/ week/ morning每天 / 周/早上等。注意：句子中没有表示时间的词时，我们就认为这个句子是一般现在时。如： He usually goes to school by bike. 通常他骑车上学。I visit my grandparents every week. 我每个星期都去看祖父母。My parents and I sometimes go out to eat. 我和父母有时出去吃饭。当主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时态，谓语动词也要是第三人称单数，后要加-s 或-es 。如： He likes reading at night. 他喜欢夜里读书。She usually goes to school by bike. 她平时骑车上学。The little cat drinks milk every day. 小猫每天都喝牛奶。1】转换成否定句要加doesnt ，其后的动词用原形。Kelly doesnt get up early on Saturdays and Sundays. 凯丽星期六星期天起床不早。2】转换成一般疑问句，句首用Does ，其后的动词用原形。Does he have lunch at school? 他在学校吃午饭吗? 【1】规则动词变化表：规则变化原形动词结尾情况现在时单三人称现 在 分 词过去式和过去分词一般情况+s +ing +ed s,x,ch,sh,o结尾+es +ing +ed 辅音字母 +y 结尾yi,+es +ing yi,+ed 重读闭音节一元一辅结尾+s 双写辅音字母,+ing双写辅音字母,+ed不发音的 e 结尾+s 去掉 e,+ing+d ie 结尾+s iey,+ing +d 不规则变化havehas； beis (无 ) (见下面的不规则动词变化表 ) 注意：在加ing 或 ed 时动词如果以“r”结尾 ,尾音节又重读的动词,“ r”应双写。ed的读音规则：在清辅音后读t；在浊辅音后和元音后读d；在 t、d后读 id. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - - s/es 的读音规则：在清辅音后读s；在浊辅音后和元音后读z；在 s 、 F、z、tF、dV后读iz. (2) 不规则动词变化表：( 原形 过去式 过去分词) be(am,is)was been lose lost lost be(are)were been make made made beatbeat beaten may might becomebecame become mean meant meant begin began begun meet met met blow blew blown mistake mistook mistaken break broke broken must must bring brought brought pay paid paid build built built put put put buy bought bought read read Read can could ride rode ridden catch caught caught ring rang rung choose chose chosen rise rose risen come came come run ran run cost cost cost say said said cut cut cut see saw seen dig dug dug sell sold sold do did done send sent sent draw drew drawn set set set drink drank drunk shall should drive drove driven shine shone shone eat ate eaten show showed shown fall fell fallen shut shut shut feel felt felt sing sang sung find found found sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken fly flew flown sit set set forget forgot forgot/forgotten sleep slept slept freeze froze frozen smell smelt smelt get got got speak spoke spoken give gave given spend spent spent go went gone spill spilt spilt grow grew grown spoil spoilt spoilt hang hung/hanged hung/hanged stand stood stood have(has) had had sweep swept swept hear heard heard swim swam swum hide hid hidden take took taken hit hit hit teach taught taught hold held held tell told told hurt hurt hurt think thought thought keep kept kept throw threw thrown know knew known understand understood understood 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - - lay laid laid wake woke/waked woken/waked learn learnt/learned learnt/learned wear wore worn leave left left will would lend lent lent win won won let let let write wrote witten lie lay lain 语法归纳：一般将来时【1】 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作。【2】时间词：1.表示未来的时间状语：tomorrow明天， next year明年， from now on从现在起， in a month一个月之后， in the future将来，等。2.包含现在的时间状语：today今天， this evening今天晚上， this week这个星期， this month这个月， this year今年，等。如：Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点你会在家吗? 【3】其结构：1)Will /shall+动词原形。（ shall用于第一人称疑问句，其它人称都用will 。）否定： will not=wont ；shall not=shant 例如： Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2) be going to +动词原形 。（一般表示人的主观想法将要去做某事）例如： What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? 3)现在进行时表将来时。下列动词的现在进行时表示将来时：go ，come ，fly ，leave ，start ，begin ，finish ，arrive ，end 等如： she is leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.她明天要去武汉。语法归纳：一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生了的事情。一、时间词：yesterday, this morning, just now刚才,in 1970 ， last night / year / week, a moment ago 刚才 , in May （五月已经过去了）, once upon a time从前 , the other day那几天 （那几天已经过去了）, before , when当的时候, in the past在过去，等。如： What did you do yesterday? 昨天你干了什么? I met Lin Tao this morning. 今天上午我会到了林涛。I was there a moment ago. 刚才我在那儿如： We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。三、一般过去时的动词变化：动词的过去式变化原则：精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - - (1) 在以字母e 结尾的动词后，只加-d。如： like liked, provideprovided, hate hated, date dated 。(2) 在以 “ 辅音字母 +y”结尾的动词后，则改y 为 i，再加 ed 。如： supply supplied, flyflied, study studied. (from ) (3) 在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾且，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如： plan planned, referreferred, regretregretted, banbanned. (4) 一般在动词后加-ed 。 如： play played, offeroffered, weighweighed, destroy destroyed, sign signed. 语法归纳：现在进行时现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。【1】其结构：be( am, is, are)+V.ing be(am, is, are) +not+V.ing 【2】时间词：now 现在，以 look, listen开头的句子，或上下文提示。如： They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。如： Listen!She is singing an English song.听，她正在唱英语歌。【3】动词 V+ing ：现在分词的变法有1、以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上-ing. swimming，cut cutting ，put putting ,stopstopping ，forget forgetting, begin beginning , 还有：run ，shop，win，get, beg 乞求， prefer，等。2、以 ie 结尾的词，将ie 变为 y 再加 ing 。lie 躺 lying 。 die 死, tie 拴、系上，等。3、以不发音字母e 结尾的动词，先去e，再加 -ing. take taking, leaveleaving ,write writing, have having. 4、一般在动词词尾加上-ing 。jump jumping ,go going, pushing pushing, play playing. 语法归纳：现在完成时现在完成时表示过的完成的动作对现在产生的影响。1、构成：“ 助动词 have /has+动词过去分词” 。助动词have/has可以与主语缩写。如： I have I ve ；We have Weve ；He has Hes ；It has It s。规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样。不规则变化的动词过去分词见表。2、句型：精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - - 如： I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。如： Has he gone to Beijing? 他去过北京了没有? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.否定回答还可以用： No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等。3、三个理解。【1】标志词：如：Have you had lunch? Yes, I have. Ive just had it. 你吃过午饭没?有，吃过了，我刚刚吃的。 (影响及结果：我现在饱了，不需要了) 如： He has already gone to Beijing. 他已经去北京了。(影响及结果：他人现在不在这里了) 注意：该用法常用already( 已经 ), never( 从不 ), ever( 曾经 ), yet( 仍然 ), just( 刚刚 ), before( 以前 )等副词(作状语 )连用。警告：already, just多用于肯定陈述句。(already偶尔会出现于句末，有时already可以用于疑问句 ) 如： She has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活。警告： yet 一般用于疑问句(译为：已经 )或否定句 (译为：还 )，常放在句末。如： Have you got ready yet? 你已经准备好了吗? He hasn t finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业。警告：before一般位于句末。如：I have never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影。【2】 段时间词：与 for + 一段时间连用，表示多长时间。如：He has learned English for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了。I have been here for three days. 我在这里已经3 天了。与 since + 时间词，表示自以来 。Since1991 （自 1991 年以来） ；since half an hour ago（自半个小时前）；since three weeks ago. （自三个星期以前）；since they came 过去时态to China.（自从他们来到中国后）；等。如： I ve had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了。如：I ve known her since I came to work here. 自从我来这里工作就认识他了。 过去多次动作到现在的积累。如： I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次。We ve learnt five English songs this year. 今年我们学了五首英语歌曲。How many pages of the book have you read? 这本书你读了多少页了? 【3】非延续性动词：(1)有一些动词是瞬间动词，也叫非延续性动词， 这些动词一发生就结束了，常见的有： come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等。这些动词的动作不能延续，因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用。(即 不能用【 2】中的段时间词)。若要解决这一问题，就应把它改为相应的延续性动词或短语，主要有以下几种：非延续性动词 (也叫终止性动词 )：精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - - 用相应的延续性动词：如：buy have ；borrow keep； come/go/become be ；put on wear ；catch a cold have a cold ；begin-have(has)on ；等。转换成be+ 名词：如：join be a member of ；go to school be a student；等。转换成be+ 形容词或副词：如：.die -have(has)been dead ；die be dead ； leave be away ；begin be on ； finish be over ；stop-have(has)been over ；fall asleep be asleep ；open be open ；get up beup ；close closed ；等。转换成be+ 介词短语：come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach be in/at ； join the army be in the army( 军队)等。如： 1.】他的狗死了 3 天了。His dog has been dead for three days. It is three days since his dog died. His dog died three days ago. 2.】 I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书。I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了。3.】Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了。Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了。4.】His grandfather has died. 他祖父已经死了。His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已经死了两年了。5.】My father has arrived in China. 我父亲已经到达中国了。My father has been in China for a week. 我父亲已经在中国一个星期了。警告：注意：在否定句中，非延续性动词也可以与段时间词连用。如： Jim hasnt come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年没回来了。如： I havent borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以来我就没有在图书馆借过书。【4】句型转换：现在完成时可以转化成一般过去时，还可以转化成“It is/has been + 时间段 +since从句 (用一般过去时 )” 等句型。如：Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已经回来一个月了。= Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一个月前就回来了。= It is （/has been） a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回来已经有一个月了。如：I have kept the book for two days. = I borrowed the book two days ago. = It is （/ has been ） two days since I borrowed the book. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - - 【5】现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响。标志词是： already, yet, just, ever, never, several times几次, before, so far迄今为止 , for + 时间段 , since + 时间点或从句，等。一般过去时强调发生动作已经结束了，对现在没有影响；凡有过去的时间词的句子，都必须用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。语法归纳：过去完成时过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“ 过去的过去( past-in-the-past )” 。一、概念：过去完成时过去时现在进行时-|- |-|- 过去完成时过去时现在进行时构成：由 “ 助动词had + 过去分词 ” 构成， 其中had 通用于各种人称。如： They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 如： She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、判断根据：【1】 时间词：1. by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. 2. by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. 3. before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 【2】 由“ 过去的过去 ” 来判定。过去完成时表示“ 过去的过去 ” ，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：( 1 ) 宾语从句中，当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before. ( 2 ) 状语从句中，在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - - 注意： 如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时， 雨已经停了。 (主句的动作发生在“ 过去的过去 ”)注意：如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在told 之前) 语法归纳：过去进行时过去进行时，是表示过去某个具体时刻正在做的动作。(一)结构： was/were +V.ing (现在分词 ) (二)用法：【1】常用的时间词： this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while整个，等。例如：(1)We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。(2)What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么? (3)My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来，受伤了。(4)It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站的时候天正在下雨。(5)When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 当我到达山顶的时候，阳光灿烂。【2】. 时间点：过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如： What was she doing at nine oclock yesterday?昨天晚上九点她在做什么? (介词短语表示时间点 ) When I saw him he was decorating his room.当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。(when从句表示时间点 ) 【3】. 由 while引导的复合句中，主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如： While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. 他边等车边看报。(两个动作都是延续的) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行) 【4】、通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have( 拥有 ), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。语法归纳：过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作，也就是“ 立足过去，着眼未来” 。一、结构：“ would + 动词原形 ” 或“ was / were going to + 动词原形 ” 来表示。例如： Mary told me that she would go to Shanghai by plane. 玛丽告诉我说她将要坐飞机去上海。二、用法：精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - - 1.用“was / were going to + 动词原形 ” ，“was / were about to + 动词原形 ” 表示将来的动作或状态。如： She told me she was going to fly to Yunnan. I was about to leave the house when the telephone rang. 2.过去进行时态有时可用来表示过去将来。come, go, arrive, leave, die 等瞬时动词，用在过去进行时态中表示过去将来。如： He said the train was leaving at five the next morning. 如： He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。如： She told us that she was leaving for Yunnan. 她告诉我们她将要去云南。3.从句中。1) when的从句：如： No one knew when he was going to finish his homework. 没有人知道他什么时候会完成作业。2 ) that 的从句：was/ were ( about ) to + 动词原形如： He said that they were to leave at six. 他说他们将于6 点动身。She said that the meeting was about to begin. 她说会议就要开始了另外，警告：注意：【 1】形容词 /副词 +enough ,enough+名词；如： old enough 足够老 ; slowly enough 足够慢 ; enough water 足够的水。【2】 复合不定代词 +形容词，如：something interesting 有趣的东西 ； I have something important to tell you . 我有重要的事情告诉你。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - - 文档编码：KDHSIBDSUFVBSUDHSIDHSIBF-SDSD587FCDCVDCJUH 欢迎下载 精美文档欢迎下载 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - -