2022年变化中的英语复习重点总结 .pdf

1 变化中的英语复习重点总结1.全世界语言 4000-5000 种 (P7) 2.Dead language no living speakers (P7) 3.Historical variation variation over time Regional variation variation in different places (P15) 4.RP Standard English Network English: Standard English Written English RP Received Pronunciation ( Also Southern Educated British English) Network English Educated American English (P19) 5.Vocabulary change in English (P23-24) 6.词汇来源： Borrowing(e.g dim sum), Abbreviations(e.g MTR), Translations(e.g dragon boat)(P28-29) 7.英国语言 English, Welsh(Wales 地区 ) Gaelic （Scotland 地区） ( P36) 8.Dialects Different ways of speaking the same language Accent We are talking only about the sounds of the language in some places (P39) 9.Language family: English Indo-European family( 印欧语系 ) Chinese Sino-Tibetan family( 汉藏语系 ) P64 10. 英国历史上三次被入侵：1) BC 1st AD 5thLatin- speaking Romans 来自 Mediterranean 2)AD 5th - 8th and 9th Scandinavian 斯堪的纳维亚人(Angles 盎格鲁人 , Saxons 撒克逊部族, Jutes 朱特族人 ) invaded Britain 来自 North West Europe 3)AD 11thFrench-speaking Normans 来自 Normandy(P69-70) 11. Standard English: A: Come from South East B: Reason . Its importance is matter of culture and history(P75 ) 12.英语发展过程中历史事件及英语语言本身的发展变化：Time Historical Events Language 11th century Norman conquest of England Norman French brought to England 12th-13thcenturies Noranm French rulers in England Morman French as the language of power: Latin for learning and religion; English for common people s use14th century Changes in English education Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 English gaining ground among educated people wrote English 1475 Caxton set up printing press in London London English incresingly read and understood 13.A good English dictionary contains about 450,000 separate entries.(P86) 14.Receptive(听读 ) You recognize a word and know what it means. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - - 2 Productive（说写 ）You can say a word or you can write it. NOTE: 每个人的 Receptive knowledge of vocabulary 要大于 Productive knowledge (P89-90) 15.Prescriptive teaching( 说明性教学 ) correct students mistakesProductive teaching( 输出性教学 ) Practice students English by speaking and writing. Descriptive teaching( 描述性教学 ) Tell students how English has changed and come to be as it is now. P100 P103 16. 语言种类： P109-118 Regional National International Global Basque Norwegian Spanish English Danish 丹麦语Portuguese English Swedish 瑞典语French Dutch Dutch Japanese German 17.Basque(巴斯克语 )，Hindi （印地语） P115-116 18.美国历史（ The New World: the continent of America:) 1584, 1585 Sir Walter Releighs two expeditions to the New World1620English Puritan Playmouth Mayflower 1775 American war of Independence started1785 End of the War.USA set up1790 First census 人口普查 held. About 90%of the population of British descent后裔P120-121 19. The USA The melting-pot In New York harbour You can see the Statue of Liberty P122-123 20. 英国在世界的殖民地：Eroupe Asia Africa North and South America Australasia 澳大拉西亚United Kingdom& Ireland India Kenya Canada Australia Malaysia Rhodesia 罗得西亚USA New Zealand Borneo 波罗洲South Africa New Guinea新几内亚Hong Kong 21. 印度英语发展历史：The East India Company Started in 17th century, by 1813, it came to an end. 19thcentury The English man named Macaulay was called the President of the Committee of Public Instruction ，set up universities of English language P138-139 22. 澳 大 利 亚Australia 形 成 ，Captain Cook lead the first exploration in 1770 astronomical observation 18th century: penal colony ( 罪犯流放地 ) (P140-141) 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - - 3 23. Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle Braj Kachru, from the sub-continent of India developed the idea of classifying the international use of English. Inner Circle: native speakers-users mother tongue Britain, North America, Australia New Zealand, South Africa Outer Circle: taught in schools, international and official business Indian Hong Kong Expanding Circle: not an official language , international use P147 24. Esperanto 世界语 具有全球扩广的语言特征，且适合全球使用的理想语言What an ideal language for global use 理由 P158-159 Artificial language The failed reason (p160-161) Simplify a natural language Noah Webster made English spelling easier for the children Basic English designed by C.K.Ogden in 1930, only 850 words P161-162 25. Social Variation speakers use English differently with their social and educational level. Languages are equal, no primitive or underdeveloped language p166 26. Dead languages Latin and Sanskrit( 梵语 ) French, Spanish and Portuguese are descendants of Latin p170 27. Pygmalion He is a craftsmen from Greek empire, made a sculptor named Galatea. And he loves her and she came lived. My Fair Lady Wrote by George Bernard Shaw, a famous Irish playwright. P182-183 28. False beginners The students who have forgotten the early stages of learning a languageThe first stage of learning Learning the rules of the sound system, the grammar, the writing system, and the vocabulary. The second stage of learning Using English in a variety of ways. P187-188 29. The rules of writing English p202 A. Always make sure your sentences are complete. B. Every sentence must hace a subject and a verb. C. Never put a preposition at the end of the sentence. D. Never use slang(俚语 ) or even informal words. 30. The components of a Trade Deal p216 A. a commodity( 商品 ). B. a currency C. a seller D. a buyer E. a market F. a means of communication. 31. Lingua Franca( 交际语 /通用语 ) used for trade deal p224-228 Pidgin( 混杂语 /洋泾浜语 ) It means a language,used for purpose of trade. Creoles(克利奥尔语 ) 是 Pidgin 进化后的语言p228-237 Black English P230-233 Papua New Guinea Adopted Tok Pisin Creole can become a national language. ,but a pidgin can t P235 32. Present day international trade P243 33. Faxed English P249-250-252 34. English in science P262 P265-266 35. English in international transport P266-277 Risks in air travel P271 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - - 4 English in air traffic control A. The language of Internetational Air Traffic Control is English. B. It is used by all ground control staff and flight crew. C. It is used in all parts of the world. D. It is twentieth century English: It is Standard English. E. It is spoken English and speakers know what they say will be recorded F. It is the English of a special area of knowledge. G. It is formal, but not polite or indirect. H. It is brief, clear, and direct. P 275 Sea-speak A special, restricted variety of English is now used internationally in ship-to-shore communication. Jargon 行话 It s a special name for the selection that peole who have a common interest in machines and techniques use it. Slang 俚语 For the language used by young people to keep out the old. 36. English and TV P279 P287 37. English and Information technology P289 English and IT P296 P298 38. ELT English language teaching Native-speaker English language teacher 和 Blingual teacher 双语教师各自的优点和缺点见 P302表格Five important ELT terms: p307 A.Pattern practice 句型练习 Learning by constantly repeating correct English sentecnes. B.Language laboratory 语言实验室 A classroom equipped with tape recorders and a control desk for the teacher.C.Communicative approach 交际法| 交际教学法| 沟通式教学法| 传意形式的教学法 A view of ELT that puts first understanding and being understood by another person.D.Error analysis Teaching in the belief that mistakes are necessary to learning and useful to teachers.E.English for Specific Purposes Courses designed to match the future work of and needs of groups of leaners, very often groups with different occupations.39. ESL English as a Second Language EFL English as a Foreign Language L1 English as a mother tongue 见 p314 表格40. New Standards P315-316 41. Hong Kong English deviates from Standard English. P318 42. Interlanguage 语际语 /中间语言 /中介语 / 人工辅助语言 The languages of learners who have only partial control of a language. Intro-national and International use The difference between the use of English inside a country and between that country and the rest of the world. P321 43. The advantages and disadvantages of Local standard and Standard English: 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - - 5 Advantages A.They are easier and quicker to learn(so more learners will succeed) B.There are useful where there are many languages in use in a country and no common language.C.Only a minority of people need a language for international use.Disadvantages A.Local standards change quickly and are not well regarded internationally. B.If they are use intenationally, they don t do justice to the user or his ideas. C.Local Standards are emerging and changing, so there may not be enough suitable teachers, or teaching materials. P322-323 44. The views of Quirk and Kachru on Standard The Quirk view The Kachru view Other terms in use Deficit view Liberation view The term standard should be applied Only to Standard British and Standard American Englsih Equally to standards use in Singapore, India, Africa and other places where English is widely used. In schools and colleges Only these two Standards should be studies. Local standards should be studied Deviations from (British or American)Standard English Are mistakes that are part of the learning process, and should be corrected. Are often clear signs of emerging new standards and need not be corrected Teachers of English If they are not mative speakers need to be in constant touch with native standards. Are usually not native speakers and can t be constantly in touch with any except local standards. Learners of English Study English for international use. They need to be constantly trying to get closer to native-like standards, so as to be able to use English that is internationally acceptable. All but a few want and need English for use in their own multi-lingual country. They can t be constantly in touch with native standards, and are much more likely to use English locally than internationally. 45. Mono-lingual and Multi-lingual Societies P346 46. Opportunity cost All learning is associated with an opportunity cost. Language learning represents a big investment of time and effort by individuals and by the society of which they are part. 47. Shrinking world P361-362 48. Around the World in Eighty Days Jules Verne (P362) 49. Tower of Babel 巴别塔| 通天塔| 巴比塔| 巴贝尔塔 P365-366 50. Cultural Imperialism文化帝国主义 P382 51. Proficient in English Information about English P394 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - - 6 Support and reinforce each other P407 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - - 文档编码：KDHSIBDSUFVBSUDHSIDHSIBF-SDSD587FCDCVDCJUH 欢迎下载 精美文档欢迎下载 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 7 页 - - - - - - - - - -