财务管理之非财务经理必备培训课件.pptx
了解了解财务财务管理原理和常用财务决策管理原理和常用财务决策Understand financial management principles & basic financial decisions 了解财务信息系统的基本构架了解财务信息系统的基本构架Understand financial information system frame work 了解财务报表分析基本方法了解财务报表分析基本方法Analysis sample financial reports 课程概要 COURSE SUMMARY 1 企业财务本质企业财务本质 Enterprises Financial Essence 2 企业基本目标企业基本目标 Corporate Objectives 3 管理人员财务职能管理人员财务职能 Managers Financial Responsibility1 预算管理预算管理Budget Management 2 投资投资评估评估Investment Evaluation 3 生产管理生产管理 Production Management 1 财务报表财务报表 Financial Statements2 财务报表分析财务报表分析 Financial Statements Analysis第一部分Chapter One企业的财务本质原原材材料料存货存货成成品品存货存货在在产产品品存货存货供供 应应 商商工工厂厂/办办公公室室固固定定资资产产现现金金股股东东债债权权人人应付应付人人工工及及服服务务固定资产固定资产材料材料市场市场/客户客户应收应收现金销售现金销售赊销赊销市市场场销销售售费费用用折旧折旧Accounting Equation会计方程1. Function of Time 时间函数 T0 :A0 = L0 + OE0 T1 : A1 = L1 + OE1 A0 + A= L0 + L + OE0 + OE OE 0 Tn 2. Maximize owners equity - business objective 游戏规则：股东权益最大化1. 利润利润 Profit2. 风险风险 RiskThe Goals of the Firm企业基本目标: Maximize Value管理人员财务职能 Managers Financial Responsibility第二部分Chapter Two Goals Setting 目标设置 Alternatives Choice 方案/路径，评估/选择 Resources Organization组织资源 Pre-live Simulation 预演/彩排为什么要预算 Why Budget Market Analysis市场分析 Mission Statement公司宗旨 3-5 Year Objectives 3年目标 Self SWOT Analysis 差异分析 Products and Services产品/服务选择 Financial Feasibility 财务可行性分析 One Year Budget年度预演如何预算 How to Budget Capital Expenditure资本性支出 Expenses Control费用控制 Performance Feedback 进展反馈 Performance Control进展控制调整预算管理 Budget Management投资决策 Investment Decision NPV0 or i 10%15% Payback 回收期2-5年Buy or Lease 租或买?Fi投资决策标准 Investment Decision Criteria时间时间Time Make or Buy 制造或购买 Special Order特殊订单 Division Drop部门精减 Products Mix产品构成营运决策 Operation Decisions去除产品所有成本后剩余的价格去除产品所有成本后剩余的价格Excess of Price over Unit Full Cost固定销售费用和管理费用固定销售费用和管理费用Fixed Marketing and Administrative Costs变动销售费用和管理费用变动销售费用和管理费用Variable Marketing and Administrative Costs固定生产成本固定生产成本Fixed Manufacturing Costs变动生产成本变动生产成本Variable Manufacturing Costs销售价格销售价格Sales Price8.00贡献毛益贡献毛益Contribution Margin3.50每件产品的变动成本每件产品的变动成本Variable Cost per unit4.50利润率利润率Profit Margin1.65变动成本法的存货价值Inventory Value using Variable Costing Method4.00每件产品的全部成本每件产品的全部成本Full Cost per unit 6.35边际贡献 Contribution Margin = P-V营运决策依据边际贡献率 Contribution Margin Ratio =P-VPProfitPXVX利润利润 Profit产销量产销量 Volume100营运决策依据损益平衡点 x = Breakeven Point最低订量 Lowest Order Volume（生产量 Capacity）最低售价 Lowest Price制造或购买 Make or Buy 特殊订单 Special Order部门精减 Division Drop产品构成 Products MixP-VF=CMF或损益平衡销售额 ：x *P = （Breakeven RevenueP-VF ）* P S = （P-V）/PF决策应用 Decision Making第三部分Chapter Three 财务会计财务会计 Financial Accounting 财务会计 Financial Accounting企业的外部人士企业的外部人士-股东股东, 债权人等债权人等External users of information - usually shareholders, financial analysts, and creditors受会计准则监管受会计准则监管Compliance with generally accepted accounting principles使用过去会计期间的数据评估管理使用过去会计期间的数据评估管理者的表现者的表现Uses historical data in evaluating performance of the firm and its managers by outsiders规则中要求的信息规则中要求的信息呈现的是汇总数据呈现的是汇总数据Regulations often specify how much information is enoughSummary data are presented管理会计管理会计 Managerial Accounting管理会计 Managerial AccountingInternal users of information- usually managers.Need not comply with generally accepted accounting principlesUses estimates of the future for decision making and historical data for internal performance evaluation.Internal cost/benefit evaluation determines how much information is enough内部费用和利润评估所需的内部费用和利润评估所需的信息信息More detailed data are required about product costs, revenues, and profits.企业的内部人士企业的内部人士-通常是管理者通常是管理者不受会计准则监管不受会计准则监管使用预计的数据作决策依据使用预计的数据作决策依据, 历史数据历史数据作内部管理评估作内部管理评估对于产品成本对于产品成本收入收入利润需要更具体利润需要更具体的数据的数据Financial Reports Format报表格式Assets资产资产Liability负债负债Owners Equity所有者权益所有者权益收入收入 Revenue减减: 支出支出 Cost 利润利润 ProfitDo the company and Do the company and individual belong to individual belong to owners equity or owners equity or liability?liability?我们所在单位我们所在单位 个人是个人是股东的资产股东的资产, ,还是负债还是负债? ?The Two Dealing Companies Financial Reports 两个交易公司的财务报表银行现金银行现金ACash in Bank客户存款客户存款AClient DepositA的利息收入的利息收入Interest Income A的利息支出的利息支出Interest Expense贷款贷款BLoanB的利息支出的利息支出Interest Expense应收应收BAccount ReceivableB的利息收入的利息收入Interest IncomeDouble Entry Accounting复式记账系统Large-Scale Industrialization Management大规模工业化经营大规模工业化经营Small Workshop Management小作坊经营小作坊经营Manager = Owner管理者管理者=所有者所有者Single Entry System简式记账系统简式记账系统Manager Owner管理者管理者所有者所有者Double Entry System复式记账系统复式记账系统Cash Account Beginning Balance现金期初额现金期初额Cash Account Ending Balance现金期末额现金期末额Industrial Revolution Activator工业革命催化剂工业革命催化剂1、Large scale financial resources and specialized skills synergy, add-value efficiency of social fortune 资金资源与专业管理技能相结合，资金资源与专业管理技能相结合， 社会财富增值效率；社会财富增值效率；2、Ownership transfer, accommodate liquidity 所有权转移，资金市场效率；所有权转移，资金市场效率；3、Liability import financial leverage, accommodate different risk / return expectation. 债务引入财务杠杆，风险债务引入财务杠杆，风险/回报。回报。Financial Statements财务报表T0 :Cash0 + CA0 + FA0 = CL0 + LL0 + OE0T1 :Cash0 + Cash + CA0 + CA + FA0 + FA = CL0 + CL + LL0 + LL + OE0 + OE Tn .Revenue - Expenses 收入- 费用OELLCLCashCAFA产品成本销售费用管理费用利润融资活动投资活动营运现金FA1LL1CL1财务架构概述利息税盈利能力分析Profitability Analysis资产回报率 ROANet IncomeAverage Total Assets净利润平均总资产 =净利润总收入 =X总收入总资产利润率 =X资产周转率 =Net IncomeTotal RevenueXTotal RevenueTotal AssetsProfit Margin =XAssets Turnover周转率分析 Turnover Analysis资产周转率Assets Turnover =年度总收入Annual Revenue年度平均总资产 Annual Average Assets年度应收款销售总额 Sales in A/R平均应收账款 Average Account Receivable年度产品成本 Total Product Cost平均存货额 Average Inventory应收账款周转率 Account Receivable Turnover =存货周转率Inventory Turnover =固定资产周转率Fixed Assets Turnover =总收入 Total Revenue平均固定资产 Average Fixed AssetsNOWC营运流动资金=应收账款 + 预付账款 + 存货 - 应付账款 - 预收账款现金现金 Cash应收账款应收账款Accounts Receivable存货存货Inventory预付账款预付账款Payment in Advance固定资产固定资产Fixed Assets资产资产Assets应付账款应付账款Accounts Payable预收账款预收账款Unearned Revenue长期负债长期负债Long-Term Liability股东权益股东权益Owners Equity营运流动资金营运流动资金NOWC负债和股东权益负债和股东权益Liability & Owners Equity流动资金周转率Working Capital Turnover =总收入 Revenue流动资金 Working CapitalAccounts Receivable + Payment in Advance + Inventory - Accounts Payable - Unearned Revenue股东权益回报率 =ROE净利润 Net Profit平均股东权益 Average Owners Equity=总收入净利润X总收入平均总资产X平均股东权益平均资产利润率 =X资产周转率X杠杆比率盈利能力分析Profitability Analysis=RevenueNet ProfitXRevenueAverage AssetsXAverage Owners EquityAverage AssetsProfit Margin =X Assets Turnover X Leverage RatioROA模型 /ROA ModelSales销售59Cost of goods sold产品成本24Minus 减减Contribution贡献毛益35Common costs销售费用24Minus 减减 Operating Profit营业利润11Interest and taxes利息和税5Net Profit净利润6 Return on assets资产回报率17% Return on equity所有者权益回报率13%Current Assets流动资产4146Fixed assets固定资产2524Plus 加加 Total assets总资产66Equity所有者权益46Liabilities负债20风险分析 Risk analysis流动比率 Current Ratio =流动资产 Current Assets流动负债 Current Liability速动比率 Quick Ratio =流动资产Current Assets存货Inventory流动负债 Current Liability（2：1 比较好）（：1 比较好）清偿能力清偿能力 Discharge Ability ：=营运资金 Cash from Operation流动负债 Current Liability短期营运偿债能力 Short-Term Operating Liquidity风险分析 Risk Ratio财务杠杆比率财务杠杆比率 Financial Leverage Ratio：总负债 Total Liability总资产 Total Assets（ 2 比较好）总权益 Total Owners Equity利息保障倍数Interest Payment Ratio =利息和税前利润 EBIT年度利息费用 Interest Expenses（3倍正常）总权益 Total Owners Equity Benefit Vs. Cost效益/成本 Demand Vs Supply需求/供给
