2022年人教版九级英语第十三单元知识点总结.docx

人教版九年级英语第十三单元学问点总结Unit13.We re trying to save the manatees.一单词part in afford turn off reusable pay for take action transportation recycle napkin throw away put sth to good use pull.down upside gate bottle president inspiration iron work metal bring backlitterbottomfisherman coal ugly advantage cost woodenplastic takeaway bin shark fin cruel harmful be harmful toat the top of chain the food chain ecosystem industry law scientific takecreativity二 1.现在进行时定义：表示说话时（瞬时）正在进行的动作,也表示目前或现阶段始终进行的动作；结构 : 确定句 : 主语 + am/is/are + V-ing 否定句 : 主语 + am/is/are + not + V-ing 疑问句 : Am/Is/Are +主语 + V-ing用法： 1）表示说话时正在进行的,目前正在发生的动作； Look. The big bird is flying away. He is watching a movie now. 2）表示目前一段时间内正在进行,但说话时可能没有进行的动作；Right now I am studying Chinese by distance learning.我现在正通过远程训练学习汉语；1 2 常带有表示目前时刻的时间副词, 如： now, right now, at the very moment, for the time being, at present, these days及 Look. Listen. .3） 与 always, constantly, forever, all the time等副词连用,表示动作反复或习惯；此时句子常含有说话者的剧烈情感在内；表达较强的“批评”或“夸奖”之意 You are always changing your mind.你总是想法不定；太烦人了 He is always helping others. 他总是帮忙别人；他真是个好人 4） 对于 come, go, leave, arrive, start,fly,drive等表示位置移动的动词常可用进行时态表将来； He is leaving on Wednesday. Mary isn t here at the moment. She is coming later.2. used to do 见第四单元及use 用法3. 被动语态 见第五单元留意：接双宾语的词的被动语态；make /let /have sb do的被动语态； see/ hear /notice /find/observe sb do的被动语态； It s said/reported/believed/supposed/well-known；及无被动语态的三种情形（感官动词、不及物动词、sell/write 等）4. 现在完成时 :用法：过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果：强调结果Yesterday I finished my homework, that s to say, I have finished my homework now.过去已经开头始终连续到现在的动作或状态：强调连续I have lived here since 1990.现在完成时的构成have/has+ 过去分词现在完成时的四个基本句型确定句He has finished the work.一般疑问句Has he finished the work.否定句He has not finished the work.两回答Yes ,he has.No, he hasnt.特别疑问句What has he done.在以下情形下用现在完成时1 九词语already 已经 确定句中或句尾I have already found my pen. = I have found my pen already.yet 已经 否定句和疑问句句尾I have not finished the work yet. Have you bought a computer yet.ever 曾经句中 Have you ever seen pandas.never 从不句中 I have never been to Beijing.just 刚刚句中I have just done my work.before 以前 句尾I have never been there before.so far 到目前为止So far he has learned 200 words.how long 多久 How long have you lived here.how many times 多少次 How many times has he been to Beijing. 2 两词组have<has>gone to去了某地例： He has gone to Beijing去了北京,没回 have<has>been to去过某地例： He has been to Beijing.去过北京,回了3 两结构for two monthsfor + 一段时间Jim has lived here for 2 months.since last yearsince +过去时间点Lucy has been in Beijing since 3 yearsago.since 3 years agosince 1990since he came heresince +过去时态句子He has been in China since he camehere.4 假如句子里面没有时间状语,汉语意思能够加“已经”,往往用现在完成时态；Have you lost your library book.你已经弄丢了从图书馆借的那本书吗？5 现在完成时态仍经常用于以下句型They have planted many trees in the last/past few years.This is the best book I have ever read.It is the first time I have played the computer games.在现在完成时中,一次性动词不能和一段时间状语连用例： He has bought the book for 3 years. （错）因 buy 这个一次性动词不能和一段时间for 3 years 连用 , 改正的方法有：He has bought the book.去掉一段时间 for 3 yearsHe bought the book 3 years ago改为一般过去时,使句子的意思不变It s/It has been 3 years since he bought the book. = 3 years has passed since he bought the book.（改为固定句型It is/It has been -since-）He has had the book for 3 years.（用连续性动词 have 代替 buy） 另外come/arrive/get to/reach be hereI have come here for 3 years. （错）改为： I have been here for 3 years.leave/go be awayHe has left for 3 hours. （错）改为： He has been away for 3 hours.begin/start be onThe film has begun for 3 minutes. （错）改为： The film has been on for 3 minutes.open be open / close be closedThe shop has opened for 3 years. 错改为： The shop has been open for 3 years.die be deadHis father has died for 3 years. 错改为： His father has been dead for 3 years.finish/end be overHe has finished the work for 3 days. 错改为： The work has been over for 3 daysjoinI have joined the army for 3 years. （错）改为： I have been in the army for 3 years.或 I have been a soldier for 3 years.buy /catch haveI have bought the bike for 3 years. （错）改为： I have had the bike for 3 years. He has caught a cold for 3 days.（错）改为： He has had a cold for 3 days.borrow keepI have borrowed the book for 3 years.（错）改为： I have kept the book for 3 years.仍有其它的归纳如下：breakbebrokengetupbeupmarrybemarried become belose be lost5. 情态动词1) 情态动词本身有肯定的词义,表示说话人的心情、态度或语气,但不能单独作谓语,只能与其他动词构成谓语；常见的有：can could, may might, must, need, shall should, will would 等；2) 情态动词无人称和数的变化, 后接动词原形；否定式是在情态动词后面加not ；个别情态动词有过去式形式 , 也可用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气；1. can 和 could 的用法1can/could表示“才能；许可；可能性” 等；could 为 can 的过去式； 如：Can I use your bike. 2can 用在疑问句中,表示征求看法、恳求许可,答语仍用can; could 用在疑问句中,比can 更委婉、客气,是一种礼貌的说法,并不表示过去时态,答语用can,而不能用 could；如： Could you tell me the way to the zoo. Sorry. I can't. I'm new here ；留意 can 和 could 只能用于现在时和过去时两种时态,将来时中用be able to ；另外, can't可表示否定估计；如：Thatbe Mr Wang. He has gone to Beijing ；2. may 和 might 的用法may/might意为“可以”,表示同意、许可或恳求对方许可,也可表示希望；may 的否定形式为 may not ；might是 may 的过去式,有两种用法：一种表示过去式；一种表示虚拟语气,使语气更加委婉、客气,或表示可能性更小；以may 开头的一般疑问句,其否定回答用 mustn't,而不用 may not ；如：I use your pen. 我可以用你用的钢笔吗？You may put on more clothes. May you be happy. Might I borrow some money now.He might be alive. 3.must 的用法must 意为“必需,肯定,准是”,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,或命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的估计；否定形式mustn't,表示“不得”,“肯定不要”；如：Ifinish my work today ；You mustn't drive after drinking ；(1) must 与 have to 的区分： must表示说话人的主观意愿；have to 表示客观需要；如：I must do my homework first ；It is raining hard outside; Istay at home ；(2) 回答由 must引导的疑问句的提问确定回答： Yes, must.如：Must I go home now. Yes, you must.否定回答： No , needn't./No , don't/doesn't have to.Must I go home now. No, you .(3) must 表示对事物的估计,意为“想必；肯定”,只用于确定句中；表“估计”时,情态动词与动词原形, 常为 be 动词连用,如： The man must be our teacher ；4. need 的用法1need 表示“需要, 必需” ,主要用于否定句和疑问句中；其否定形式为needn't ,表示“没有必要,不必”；对由need 构成的疑问句进行回答时,其确定回答用must ,否定回答用needn't ；如Need we do some cleaning now. Yes, you must. No, you needn't. 2need 仍可作实义动词,常用于以下结构：need to do sth “需要做某事”；如I need to learn more.need doing“某物需要被做”=need to be done ；如： My hair needs cutting. =My hair needs to be cut.need +名词或代词；如：All living things need water.5. shall 和 should 的用法shall 用于第一人称的句子中,表示提建议或恳求；should 用于各种人称的句子中,强调义务或责任,意为“应当”；如：we go out for a walk.You should study hard at school ；should have done 主要有两个用法：用于估计过去已经发生的情形；如：He should have arrived by now.用于指本该发生而实际上未发生的情形；如：You should have told me so before. 6.will 和 would 的用法will 用于其次人称疑问句时,表示征求看法或提建议；would为 will的过去式,可用于多种人称,表示意愿；如：Will you have a little soup. would have done 主要有两个用法：表“推测过去”I guess the poet would have been about twenty when she wrote her first poem.表“过去本会发生,而实际并未发生”,没有批评之意；I would have written before but I have been ill.原来我是会写信的,但是由于我生病了；（用来说明某一情形,没有批评之意）7.have tohave to 的陈述句形式确定式： have to + 动词原形 I have to tidy my room. 我得整理房间 .否定式： don't doesn't + have to +动词原形 You don't have to go if you don't want to. have to 的一般疑问句形式及简略答语have to 的一般疑问形式必需借助助动词do 或 does：Do you have to look after your sister. Yes,I do./ No,I don't.have to 的特别疑问句形式What do you have to do on Sundays. have to 可用于各种时态A、一般现在时： I have to visit Mr Wang.B、一般过去时： That night we had to walk home because there was no bus. C、一般将来时： We'll have to ask Zhang Ming instead.D、与 may 连用： I think he may have to help his Dad in the garden. 8.ought toought to 的确定式 应当, 应当You don't look well. You ought to go to see the doctor. ought to 的否定式和疑问式ought to 的否定形式是 ought 后直接加 not 构成,其否定形式可缩写为oughtn't ；One ought not oughtn't to cross the street against the red light. ought to 的疑问式是将 ought 提到句首构成；Ought we to do it at once. Yes, you ought to. He ought to be here now, shouldn't oughtn't he.“ought to + have + done ”表示过去应做某事而实际未做You ought to have told me that but you didn't.这时 ought to 和 should 可以互换使用；三 1.litter/rubbish/garbage/wastegarbage 和 rubbish 含义相同, garbage 美国英语,而 rubbish 英国英语；这两个词词义较为详细,指必需准时清除的剩余物,比如厨房里的垃圾,生活垃圾等等；litter 指公共场所丢弃的小片/ 块垃圾,如纸片、塑料袋、易拉罐、饮料瓶等；waste 作名词用时可表“废物”的总称；另： waste time in doing sth2.at the bottom of在.底部/at the top of在.顶部He shouted at the top of his voice in order that he might be heard. 3.advantage1). have the an advantage over of优于,比占有优势；如：You have the advantage over of me in experience.你体会比我丰富；有时用动词 gain, get 等；如：They gained an advantage over the enemy.他们比敌人占优势；2). take advantage of=make full use of(1) 利用 机会、时机等 ；They took advantage of the fine weather to play tennis.(2) 利用 某人的境况、 弱点等 ；He always took full advantage of the mistakes made by his rivals.(3) 欺诈 某人 ,戏弄 某人 ,占某人的 廉价； He has always been taking advantage of me.3). to sbs advantage 对某人有利； It will be to your advantage to study abroad. 4.四个花费句型5.be harmful to=do harm toSmoking is harmful to the health.= Smoking does harm to your health 6.四个参与辨析7. afford to do sth担负得起干某事 常与 can, could, be able to连用 He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.他告知我公司无法支付如此巨额的工资；8. turn短语turn in 归仍 You must turn in your equipment before you leave the army.turn on 打开 couldyou turn on the light, please ？ turn off 关掉（煤气, 水,电, 收音机, 电视机等） Don t forget to turn off the light when you leave. turn up 显现,到达 开大音量 He promised to come but hasn t turned up yet. I can t hear the radio very well; could you turn it up a bit ？ turn down关小 拒绝 Can you turn the TV down. I m trying to get some sleep. He tried to join thearmy but was turned down because of poor health.turn out to be +adj./n. 证明是, 结果是 The experiment turned out to be a great success.turn into把变成,译成Turn the following sentences into Chinese, please.turn to 翻到,求助于1Please turn to page10. 2The child turned to his mother for comfort.turn over 翻身,翻转 She turned over and went to sleep.9. throw away 扔掉 ,丢弃错过机会、优势或好处He threw away the old sofa.Don't throw away this opportunity. 10.workwork n. 工作；（音乐、艺术）作品；工厂v. 工作He has much work to do.UThe man gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.（做“作品”讲,为可数名词,但常用复数）The glass works is/are near the station.玻璃厂在车站邻近；（做“工厂”讲,只用复数形式,但谓语动词单复均可） 英语中有些名词,单复数形式意义有差别；manner 方式,方法manners 礼貌,礼仪arm 胳膊arms武器water 水waters 海水,水域wood 木头woods 森林11.bring back 归仍； 使想起These books must be brought back within a week Your article brought back sad memories for me.bring up ：抚养长大 bring in ：引进 bring forward ：提出 bring about ：带来,造成12. inspiration ninspire v 鼓励13. try to do =try one s best to do努力去做某事；Every student should try to study hard in order to study in a university.14. be related to与有关 I am not related to him in any way.我和他无任何关系；15. play a part in doing sth在方面起作用A good diet plays a large part in helping people live longer.16. turn into 使变成Joan is turning into quite a skilled musician.译成 Please turn this into English.17. make a difference to 表示对 产生影响或作用 The new teacher always encourages little Tom. This has made a big difference to him.18. no longer 意思是“不再”有两个短语和no longer 同义,即 not any longer 和 not any more ,但他们侧重的方面不同；no longer 和 not any longer 侧重时间；e.g. He no longer lives here.= He doesn t live here any longer.他不在这儿居住了； 一个时间以前他住在这儿,过了这个时间,他就离开了； not any more =no more 侧重侧重程度和数量You can drink no more. = You cant drink any more.你不能再喝了； 喝酒的量到了肯定程度,不能再连续下去了； 19.not only but also “不仅而且”;其中的 also 有时可以省略；如连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一样； Not only you but also he has to leave.不只是你,他也得离开；not only 放在句首,后接句子时要用倒装结构；Not only did my aunt teach at school, but also she wrote articles for newspapers.20. The number of. 的数量,谓语用原形a number of. 大量的,谓语用单三当表示数值的高或低时,number 要用 high 或 low 修饰；In that country, the number of children going to school is higher in cities than in towns and village.在那个国家,城市儿童入学人数比乡镇及农村要高；常与 number 搭配的动词有grow, fall 等；The number of families that own cars has been growing quickly recently.近来拥有轿车的家庭数量增长很快；21. put sth. to good use好好利用22. build/make . out of用建造 / 制造He built a model ship out of wood.他用木头造了个模型船；23. The top of the house is an old boat turned upside down.turned upside down意为“被翻转过来的；被颠倒过来的”,做后置定语修饰boat ；24.be made of 和 be made from25. be known for因而闻名be known as 作为而闻名be known to对于某人来说是闻名的26. bring sb/sth back to life使复活,给以活力 ; 27. Rethink, Reuse, Recycle .re- 是最常用的前缀之一re- 表示以下三方面的意义：1) 表示“回”或“向后”的意思；return （回来） recall（回忆,召回） retract （缩回,取回）2) 表示“再”、“重新”、“重复”的意思；rethink （再摸索） reuse（再运用） restart （重新开头） recycle（再利用）3) 表示“相反”、“反对”的意思；rebel （反叛,谋反） reverse （反转,颠倒） resist（抵抗,抗击）28. She is a most unusual woman.un- 前缀,第一,表示否定意义；其次,表示“反动作”；即“相反的动作”；uncomfortable 不舒适的 unending 无尽的 unfortunate 不幸的 unusual 不平常的 unkind 不慈爱的 unbind 解开,释放 uncover 掀开的盖子unearth 由地下掘出 unbutton解开钮扣29.-ive 是形容词后缀一般表示有 .的 create -ive=creative 30.recent -ly= recently 形容词加 ly 变副词31. Amy is an inspiration n. 灵感 to us all.后缀 -tion 附在动词后面构成名词1) 当单词最终是 t, d, te, de 时,变名词加 tion 或者 ation, ition ；2) 当单词最终是元音字母时,变名词加sion 等；32. cut down 砍倒,削减 The little boy cut down the young tree with an axe The doctor told me to cut down smoking and drinking.cut up 切碎cut off 切断,停止33. especiallybe full ofnoise/air/water pollution throw.into. Cause the problem write to sb clean up used to dotoo much/too many/much tooclose downplay a part incut down instead of+doingmake a differencearound here=near herelead toidea for doing sthSolve the problemstake the+交通工具 help/work起作用 remember to do/doinghear of /about/from be harmful to the food chain the whole +n=all +n be in danger=be endangered fall by over 90 percent increase by 是增加了多少 increase to 是增加至多少 in the last 20 years begin with sth add up stop to do/doing take action pull down set up way to do sth34. 它过去是那么洁净；我们镇上的每个人都应当尽一份力把这条河清理洁净；这邻近的空气被严峻污染了；为了削减空气污染,我们应当乘公汽或地铁,而不要开车；它不耗费任何东西；但事实上,每年大约七千万条鲨鱼被抓来用作商业交易；有些种类的鲨鱼数量在过去的二三十年里,下降了百分之九十以上；到目前为止,没有科学讨论证明显示鱼翅对健康有益,所以为什么要吃呢？ 回收再利用纸很简单；但是停止开小汽车是很难的；我们不该用餐巾纸；当你离开房间时关掉灯；你曾经考虑过怎样能充分利用这些东西吗？ 艾米并不是唯独善于回收利用的人她做这事已经有好几年了；艺术不仅能带给别人欢乐,而且也说明白只需要一点制造力,即使是冰冷、 坚硬的铁也可以产生活力；Write a letter to the city major about the problem and your suggestions. In your letter, describe the environmental problems in your town/city. What are the problems. Where are they. What or who is c