2022年对于高等教育大众化背景下高等职业教育质量问题研究报告探析中英文对照.docx

精品学习资源对于高等训练大众化背景下的高等职业训练质量问题讨论的探析中英文对比For the analysis of the higher occupation education quality problems research under the background of mass highereducation in Chinese and English20世纪 90岁月末以来，我国高等训练进展速度急剧加快，其目标在于从精英训练阶段向大众化阶段迈进；本文分析了高等训练大众化的内涵及其进呈现状，探讨在此背景下建构新型高等职业训练质量观及其质量保证的关键内容，提出保证新的高等职业训练质量观得以实施的相关机制与措施；Since the late nineteen ninties, speed of development of higher education in China has accelerated, its goal lies in the stage from elite education to mass. This paper analyses the connotation of the popularizationof higher education and the development present situation,to explorein this context construction key content and qualityassurance of qualitymodel of higher occupation educationconcept, putforwardtoensure the implementationofrelevantmechanisms and measures of the quality of higher occupation education new concept.关键词：高等训练大众化；高等职业训练；质量Keywords: higher education massification of higher occupation education； quality ；一，大力推动的高等训练大众化进程First, vigorously promote the process of popularization of Higher Education自美国学者马丁·特罗 MartinTrow> 提出将高等训练进展的不同阶段按高校毛入学率划分为精英训练elite> 、大众化训练mass>和普及化训练 universal> 三个阶段以来，世界各国普遍将这一理念看做衡量其高等教育发达程度的重要指标；自1999年起，我国开头了扩大高等学校招生规模，大力推动高等训练大众化的进程，高等训练毛入学率由1998 年的 10左右增加到 2002年的 14；高等职业训练作为高等训练的重要组成部分，在推动高等训练大众化进程中担负起极其重要的角色，并在招生数、在校生数、毕业生数方面占据了高等训练半壁江山；在一些发达地区，高等训练的大众化程度远远高于全国的平均值；以天津为例， 2002年高等训练毛入学率已达44，接近普及化程度；Since the American scholar Martin Tero Martin Trow > of different stages of the development of higher education in college enrollment rate into the elite education put forwardElite>, the popular education mass > and the popularization of Education Universal > has three stages, all the countriesofthe worldtothisideaas an importantmeasure ofthehigher education development degree. Since 1999, China began to expand enrollment scale, vigorously promote the process of popularizationof higher education, higher education gross enrollment rate increased from about 10% in 1998 to 14% in 2002. The higher occupation education is an important part of higher education, plays an extremely important role in promoting the process of popularization of higher education, and occupy half of the country in higher education enrollment, the number of students, the number ofgraduates. Insome developedareas, the popularizationofhigher education is far higher than the national average. In order to Tianjin as an example, in 2002, the欢迎下载精品学习资源gross enrollment rate of higher education reached 44%, close to the popular.二、高等训练大众化阶段新型质量观的建构Construction of the two stage of the popularization of higher education, the new concept of quality训练质量指训练水平高低和成效优劣的程度，衡量的标准是训练目的和各级各类学校的培育目标；前者规定受培育者的根本质量要求，后者规定受培育者的详细质量要求；要建立与高等训练大众化阶段相适应的质量观，必需把握以下几点：The quality of education to quality education level and the extent of the effect, it is the purpose of education and the training goal of all types of schools at all levels. The provision of training basic quality requirements, the latter regulation by specific qualitytraining requirements.To establish the concept of quality and adapt to the stage of popularization of higher education, we must grasp the following points: 一>明确高等训练大众化阶段的基本特点 a > the basic characteristics of the popularization of Higher Education高等训练大众化步伐的加快，使得以精英型训练为主要特点的高等训练内涵开头转向适应大众化训练阶段特点要求的高等训练内涵；马丁·特罗在提出高等训练进展各个阶段毛入学率指标的同时，也提出了其办学与教案各方面的不同差异；在观念上，精英训练被视为少数人的特权，而大众化训练就被视为有资格者的权益；在训练功能上，精荚训练旨在培育学术精英与统治阶层，而大众化训练就培育更广泛的精英，包括全部技术和经济组织的领导阶层，重点是技术英才；在同学就学方式上，精英训练实行同学中学毕业后经严格选拔进入高校、住校且连续学习取得学位，生源质量高且辍学率低，而大众化训练就实行多数同学中学毕业后采纳较宽松的入学方式，入学更简单，水平参差不齐，辍学率较高，住校与走读相结合；由此带来了一个非常突出的问题，就是习惯了精英训练的高等训练机构和高等院校老师如何适应大众化阶段高等训练新特点的问题，特殊是生源新特点的问题；在这方面，高等职业院校显得尤为突出；由于我国高职院校以专科层次为主，同学是经本科院校录用后低分数段的同学；高校扩招，新人校的同学文化素养偏低，思想素养不高；如何针对这样的同学有的放矢施教就成为一个非常重要的问题；此外，由于同学数量的增加，师资队伍也显现了紧急状况，校内硬件设施频频告急；如何保证训练质量成为高等训练工作者和社会各界关注的焦点；The popularization of higher education to accelerate, the elite education as the main feature of the higher education connotation to adapt to the requirements of massification of higher education connotation. Martin Tero put forward the development of higher education in each stage of the gross enrolment rate index at the same time, also put forward different education and teaching inall aspects. In concept, the elite education is regarded as the privilegeof a few people, and the populareducationis consideredeligiblerights； inthe educationfunction,spermatophore education aims at trainingthe academic elite and the rulingclass, and the popularizationof education is to train more elite, including all technical and economic organization and leadership focus on technology, talents； in student enrollment mode, the elite education to students after graduation from high school into the universitycampus after strict selection, and continuous learningto obtain the degree, the qualityofstudents and highdropout rate is low, and the popularization of education is taking more mathematics students use more relaxed entrance after graduating from high school, enrolled more easily, level uneven, drop-out rates are high, school combined with the day. It brings a very prominent problem, is accustomed to institutions of higher欢迎下载精品学习资源education from elite education and teachers in Institutions of higher learning to adapt to the new characteristicsofhighereducation popularization,especiallythe newcharacteristicsofthe problem students. In this regard, the higher occupation colleges is particularly prominent. Becauseof our country's higher vocational colleges to colleges, students are admitted by universities after the low scores of the students. College enrollment, low cultural quality of new students in school, ideological quality is not high. How to have a definite object in view of teaching such students hasbecome a very important problem. In addition, due to the increase in the number of students, teachers also appear tense situation, campus facilities frequent emergencies. How to ensure the quality of education is higher education workers and the focus of attention of the community. 二>要坚持训练工作的基本方针和总体培育目标，把握好学校正确的办学方向 two > to adhere to the basic principles of education and the overall goal, grasp the correct direction of running a school各级各类高等学校应切实把握好自己的办学方向，这是训练质量的根本要求；偏离了这一方向，就谈不上质量意义，也就无从培育高质量的人才；Colleges should grasp their own direction of running a school, which is a fundamental requirement of the quality of education. The deviation from the direction, there is no quality significance, is impossible to cultivate high quality talent. 三>要明确不同学校自身的办学特点，保证满意需要的教案目标 three > to define the characteristics of different schools of its own, which meet the needs of the teaching goals由于历史、特色、规模、实力等诸多因素的差异，每个学校的办学目标各不相同；衡量一所学校教案水平的高低，归根结底是要看其培育目标是否满意社会的需要，是否达到了自身设计的目标要求；不同类别的院校之间由于培育目标不同，难以笼统类比，训练质量标准应答应多样化；Because of the difference of history, characteristics, size, strength and other factors, each school of different goals. The measure of a school of the level of teaching, in the final analysis is to look atthe traininggoal is to satisfythe socialneed, whethertoreach the design objectives andrequirements. Amongdifferent types of institutionswith differentcultivationobjectives, to the general analogy, education quality standards should be allowed to diversify. 四>建立训练评判与社会评判相结合的质量评判机制 four > the quality evaluation mechanism to combine the establishment of evaluation and social education evaluation训练各要素的水平打算了人才培育过程的水平，人才培育过程的水平打算了人才的水平， 但这一过程并不是充分的；因此，衡量训练水平和训练质量的关键因素，在于社会对其培育的绝大多数毕业生的认可程度，质量评判标准应当表达训练评判与社会评判的有机结合；就高等职业训练而言，衡量一个学校训练质量的高低，第一应当看其在所服务的地区、行业、领域中的美誉度；仍要看学校的各项训练教案工作是否有具备高职特色的培育目标；最终应当看其培育的人才是否具备高等技术应用性特点；The elements of education level determines the level of talent cultivation, talent training process determines the level of the level of talent, but this process is not sufficient.Therefore, the key factor to measure the quality of education and education, is the degree of social recognition of the欢迎下载精品学习资源culture of the vast majorityof graduates, organic combinationof qualityevaluation standards should reflect the education evaluationand social evaluation.In terms of higher occupation education, a measure of the qualityof school education, should first lookat the service area, industry, in the field of reputation； to see the school each education and teaching work whether the trainingobjectives withhigher vocationalcharacteristic； finallywhether should go to its training talents with characteristics of higher technical application.三、高等职业训练质量保证的关键内容The key content of three, the higher occupation education quality assurance当前考虑高等职业训练质量保证问题应第一明确以下几个前提：第一，高等职业训练侧重培育具有较强动手才能的应用性人才；其次，社会对高职的认可程度仍不高，高等职业院校的生源具有文化基础相对薄弱的特点；第三，急剧的扩招使得高职院校在师资、设备等方面显现严峻短缺；第四，具有高等职业训练特色的人才培育模式尚在探究之中；由此打算了高职院校在应对各种挑战的过程中必需探究自身的进展之路；Considering the quality of higher occupation education to ensure the problem should first clear the followingconditions:first, the higher occupation education focuses on trainingapplied talents with strong practical ability； second, the social recognition of the extent of the higher vocational education is not high,the higher occupationcolleges students and has the characteristics of culturalfoundationrelativelyweak； third,a sharp expansionmakes the highervocational education a serious shortage of teachers in colleges, equipment and other aspects； fourth, have thecharacteristicsofhigheroccupationeducationpersonneltrainingmodeisstillunder exploration.These decisions mustexploreits owndevelopmentpath ofHigherVocational Colleges in response to the challenges of the. 一>明确学校的总体定位和实现方案 a > the overall orientation of school and program implementation在学校的定位中，特殊应留意学校的特色定位和文化品位定位；总体讲，高职院校应定位在立足地方经济、服务社会需要、培育有用人才、完备训练体系上，但各校情形又有所不同；要结合学校的特点和自身条件，规划好近、中、长期规划，制订行之有效的实施方案，分阶段逐步实施；很多高职院校已看到了做好规划的重要性，一些南方院校有偿聘请专业人士对学校进行整体规划和包装，科学地确定自身在社会上的定位，这是学校办学质量和水平的表达；Inthe school's location, special attention should be paid to characteristics and culture grade positioning school. Generally speaking, the higher vocational colleges should locate in based on local economic, social service needs, to cultivate practical talents, perfect the education system,but the situation is different. According to the characteristic of school and their own conditions,goodplanning,inclose,long-termplanning,effectiveimplementationplans,phased implementation. Many colleges have seen the importance of good planning, some of the Southern Collegepaid to hireprofessionals to the schoolforthe overall planningand packaging,to determine its position in the society, which is reflected in the quality and level of school. 二>突出专业教案特色，确定科学的人才培育 two > highlightthe characteristics of professional teaching, determine the scientificpersonnel training欢迎下载精品学习资源高等职业训练之所以要突出专业教案特色，基于以下缘由：其一，高等职业训练培育的是与一般高等训练不同的技术型、高级技能型人才；其二，与一般高校同学相比，高职同学文化基础较差，但动手才能较强；抽象思维才能较差，但形象思维才能较强；公关才能较差，但合作才能较强；这些特点打算了不能用一般高等训练的教案法教案；其三，高职三年制的培育年限与一般高校四年学制无法相比，但同学毕业后却要面对竞争猛烈且具有 “人才高消费 ”倾向的用人市场，因此，高等职业训练的专业教案必需表达自身特色；教案特色主要反映在专业培育目标的特色上；在考虑专业培育目标时，必需考虑教案规律、同学特点和用人要求三个因素；专业培育目标要力戒空泛，必需强调详细性和可操作性；科学而有特色的培育目标为教案质量的检测奠定了重要的基础；The higher occupation education is to highlight the characteristics of professional teaching, based on the following reasons: first, the higher occupation education is to train technical type, different fromthe ordinaryhigher education ofskilledtalents. Second, compared withthe ordinaryuniversitystudents, vocationalcollege students culturalfoundationis poor, but the abilityis strong； the abstract thinking ability is poor, but the image of thinking ability； public relations abilityis poor, but the cooperation ability. These characteristics decided not teaching with the teaching of general higher education. Third, culture life of three years system higher vocational education and general university four years can not be compared, but students after graduation is faced with fierce competition and has a " talent high consumption " withthe market tendency, therefore, the teaching of higher occupation education must reflecttheir owncharacteristics. Teaching characteristics are mainly reflected in the professional training goal characteristics. In considering the professional training objectives, teaching law, must consider the characteristics of students and the requirement of three factors. Professional training objectives to avoid vague, must emphasize specific and operational. Science and special training for teaching quality detection and laid an important foundation.三>加强师资队伍建设，形成专兼结合的“双师 ”型特色 three > to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the formation of full-time and part-time teachers of "double - " type characteristics高等训练扩招带来了师资数量和结构的突出冲突；一方面，师资数量严峻不足；就高等职业训练而言， 2001 年内地独立建制的高职类院校在校生为639.74万人，而老师数就为 21.2207万人，师生比为1： 30.15 ，老师的增长速度远低于同学的增长速度；Expansion of higher education has brought the teachers quantity and structure of the prominent contradictions.On the one hand, a serious shortage of teachers. In terms of higher occupation education in 2001, the independent system of higher vocational college students is 6397400, while the number of teachers is 212207 people, the teacher-student ratio is 1:30.15, the teacher 's growth rate is far lower than the growth rate of the students.另一方面，师资队伍的结构也不尽合理；从内地情形看，2001年高等职业训练师资队伍中，本科以上学历 不含本科，含未授学位的讨论生>的比例为 8.13，讲师以上职称的老师不含讲师 >占 27.84；据 2001年对 11所高职院校的调查，在师资队伍的来源结构上，由高校毕业生直接走上老师岗位的占老师比例的69，近两年这种状况并无大的改观；特殊重要的是，面对新的生源特点和数量现状，必需积极探究新形势下师资队伍建设的新方法；第一，必需努力建立一支专兼结合的老师队伍，特殊是稳固欢迎下载精品学习资源的、有实际工作体会和教案水平的业界兼职老师队伍；其次，要促进老师讨论职业训练特点，提高自身职业才能，提高学历层次，改进教案方法和教案手段，削减面授时间；第三，科学地支配教案活动，满负荷但不超负荷地发挥老师的作用，发挥高年级同学的示范带头作用，协作老师辅导低年级同学；On the other hand, teachers structure is not reasonable. From the domestic situation, teachers of higher occupation education in 2001, bachelor degree or above excluding undergraduate study, including not graduate students > at the rate of 8.13%, above the lecturer titles of teachers not includinglecturer > accounted for 27.84%. Accordingto the survey on 11 HigherVocational Colleges in 2001, sources ofteachers troop structure, by college graduates directlyonto the teachers for teacher ratio of 69%, this is no big change in recent years. In particular, in the face of the characteristics of the source and the number of new, we must actively explore the new methodof the construction of teachers under the new situation. First of all, we must build up a team of full-time and part-time teachers, particularly stable, the part-time teacher team of practical workexperience and teaching level. Second, to promote the characteristics of the occupation education teachers, improve their occupation ability, improve education levels, improve the teaching method and means, reduce the teaching time.