小学一年级凑十法-破十法-借十法-练习题.doc

. .小学一年级上册数学试题加法与减法进位加法（凑十法口诀：看大数，分小数，凑成十，算得数。）退位减法（破十法口诀：看大数，分出10，减小数，加剩数。）借十法（十几减9，几加1；几减8，几加2；十几减7，几加3；十几减6，几加4；十几减5，几加5；十几减4，几加6；十几减3，几加7；十几减2，几加8；十几减1，几加9.）一、“凑十法”：1.“凑十法”是20以内进位加法的基本思路。运用“凑十法”能够将20以内的进位加法转化为学生所熟悉的10加几的题目，从而化难为简。那么“凑十法”在具体计算中是如何“凑”十的呢，我们看以下例题：在计算9+4时，先把4分成1和3，然后9和1凑成10,10再加上3等于13；这就是“凑十法”。2.“凑十歌”：1凑9 2凑8 3凑7来4凑6 5、5相凑正满10 做减做加想到它，又对又快真方便！3.“凑十法”具有很强的规律性，不仅可以在解决20以内进位加法的计算中用到，在不进位加法中也可以用到。以下边例子说明：如在计算14+5时，先把14分成10和4，然后4和5先加等于9，然后再和前边的10相加等于19；二、 “借十法”（破十法）：1.“借十法”是用在20以内退位减法中的计算方法。运用“借十法”可将20以内的退位减法转化为学生所熟悉的10减几的题目，从而化难为简。那么“借十法”在具体计算中是如何“凑”十的呢，我们看以下例题：在计算13减4时，先考虑个位3减4，不够减，于是从十位借10来减，10减4得6，再用6与个位数3相加等于9；这就是“借十法”。2.“借十法”口诀：借十法，很简单；十几减9，几加1；十几减8，几加2；十几减7，几加3；十几减6，几加4；十几减5，几加5；十几减4，几加6；十几减3，几加7；十几减2，几加8；十几减1，几加9.3.根据口诀与例题掌握“借十法”。凑十歌一九一九好朋友，二八二八手拉手，三七三七真亲密，四六四六一起走。五五凑成一双手。一加九,十只小蝌蚪, 二加八,十只花老鸭, 三加七,十只老母鸡, 四加六,十只金丝猴, 五加五,十只大老虎。看到9想到1, 看到8想到2, 看到7想到3, 看到6想到4。看到大数加小数,。一五6，二四6，三三6，四二6，五一6；6的组成没遗漏。一六7，二五7，三四7，四三7，五二7，六一7；7的组成记仔细。一七8，二六8，三五8，四四8，五三8，六二8，七一8；8的组成记全它。一八9，二七9，三六9，四五9，五四9，六三9，七二9，八一9； 9的组成全都有。一九10，二八10，三七10，四六10，五五10，六四10，七三10，八二10，九一10；10的组成共九句。【练习题. 一】（凑十法）9 + 6 = 9 + 5 = 9 + 4 =9 + 3 = 9 + 2 = 9 + 7 =9 + 8 = 9 + 9 = 8 + 8 =8 + 7 = 8 + 9 = 8 + 6 =8 + 5 = 8 + 4 = 8 + 3 =7 + 9 = 7 + 8 = 7 + 7 =7 + 6 = 7 + 4 = 7 + 5 =6 + 9 = 6 + 8 = 6 + 7 =6 + 6 = 6 + 5 = 5 + 9 =5 + 8 = 5 + 7 = 5 + 6 =4 + 9 = 4 + 8 = 4 + 7 =3 + 9 = 3 + 8 = 2 + 9 =【练习题. 二】（破十法）18 9 = 17 9 = 16 9 = 15 9 = 11 4=14 9 = 13 9 = 12 9 = 11 9 = 12 3 =17 8 = 16 8 = 15 8 = 14 8 = 11 3 =13 8 = 12 8 = 11 8 = 16 7 = 11 2 =15 7 = 14 7 = 13 7 = 12 7 = 11 5 =11 7 = 15 6 = 14 6 = 13 6 = 12 4=12 6 = 11 6 = 14 5 = 13 5 = 13 4=【练习题. 三】（20以内退位减法）破十法口诀：看大数，分出10；减小数，加剩数。15 6 = 12 5 = 17 9 =13 4 = 11 5 = 14 7 =16 8 = 15 9 = 18 9 =12 7 = 14 9 = 13 7 = 12 9 = 11 3 = 12 4 =16 9 = 15 8 = 13 8 =11 6 = 13 4 = 14 5 =13 9 = 17 8 = 14 6=【练习题. 四】（凑十法）1. 拆小数，凑大数9 + 9 = 9 + 8 = 9 + 7 =9 + 6 = 9 + 5 = 9 + 4 =9 + 3 = 9 + 2 = 8 + 8 =8 + 7 = 8 + 6 = 8 + 5 =8 + 4 = 8 + 3 = 7 + 7 =7 + 6 = 7 + 5 = 7 + 4 =6 + 6 = 6 + 5 = 【练习题. 五】（凑十法）2. 拆大数，凑小数9 + 9 = 8 + 9 = 7 + 9 =6 + 9 = 5 + 9 = 4 + 9 =3 + 9 = 2 + 9 = 8 + 8 =7 + 8 = 6 + 8 = 5 + 8 =4 + 8 = 3 + 8 = 7 + 7 =6 + 7 = 5 + 7 = 4 + 7 =6 + 6 = 5 + 6 = 【练习题. 六】（凑十法）9 + 5 =9 + 7 =7 + 4 =8 + 5 =5 + 9 =7 + 7 =5 + 8 =7 + 6 =6 + 8 =7 + 5 =5 + 7 =6 + 6 =6 + 9 =6 + 5 =5 + 6 =【练习题. 七】（凑十法）8 + 6 =9 + 5 =5 + 7 =7 + 6 =8 + 7 =5 + 9 =6 + 7 =5 + 7 =5 + 6 =7 + 8 =4 + 7 =5 + 6 =7 + 9 =9 + 5 =9 + 4 =【练习题. 八】（凑十法）15 - 6 = 14 - 5 = 13 - 4 =12 - 3 = 11 - 2 = 16 - 7 =17 - 8 = 18 - 9 = 16 - 8 =15 - 7 = 17 - 9 = 14 - 6 =13 - 5 = 12 - 4 = 11 - 3 =16 - 9 = 15 - 8 = 14 - 7 =13 - 6 = 11 - 4 = 12 - 5 =15 - 9 = 14 - 8 = 13 - 7 =12 - 6 = 11 - 5 = 14 - 9 =13 - 8 = 12 - 7 = 11 - 6 =13 - 9 = 12 - 8 = 11 - 7 =12 - 9 = 11 - 8 = 11 - 9 =【练习题. 九】（凑十法）1. 拆小数，凑大数，凑成10，再相加。9 + 8 = 9 + 7 = 9 + 6 =9 + 5 = 9 + 4 = 9 + 3 =9 + 2 = 8 + 7 = 8 + 6 =8 + 5 = 8 + 4 = 8 + 3 =7 + 6 = 7 + 5 = 7 + 4 =6 + 5 = 【练习题. 十】（凑十法）2. 拆大数，凑小数，凑成10，再相加。8 + 9 = 7 + 9 = 6 + 9 =5 + 9 = 4 + 9 = 3 + 9 =2 + 9 = 7 + 8 = 6 + 8 =5 + 8 = 4 + 8 = 3 + 8 =6 + 7 = 5 + 7 = 4 + 7 =5 + 6 = 3.9 + 9 = 8 + 8 = 7 + 7 = 6 + 6 = 【练习题. 十一】（凑十法）1. 拆小数，凑大数9 + 9 = 9 + 8 = 9 + 7 =9 + 6 = 9 + 5 = 9 + 4 =9 + 3 = 9 + 2 = 8 + 8 =8 + 7 = 8 + 6 = 8 + 5 =8 + 4 = 8 + 3 = 7 + 7 =7 + 6 = 7 + 5 = 7 + 4 =6 + 6 = 6 + 5 = 【练习题. 十二】（凑十法）2. 拆大数，凑小数9 + 9 = 8 + 9 = 7 + 9 =6 + 9 = 5 + 9 = 4 + 9 =3 + 9 = 2 + 9 = 8 + 8 =7 + 8 = 6 + 8 = 5 + 8 =4 + 8 = 3 + 8 = 7 + 7 =6 + 7 = 5 + 7 = 4 + 7 =6 + 6 = 5 + 6 = 【练习题. 十三】（凑十法）一、用凑十法做一做。9 + 6 = 9 + 5 = 9 + 4 =9 + 3 = 9 + 2 = 9 + 7 = 9 + 8 = 9 + 9 =8 + 8 = 8 + 7 = 8 + 9 = 8 + 6 =8 + 5 = 8 + 4 = 8 + 3 = 7 + 9 =7 + 8 = 7 + 7 = 7 + 6 = 7 + 4 =7 + 5 = 6 + 9 = 6 + 8 = 6 + 7 =6 + 6 = 6 + 5 = 5 + 9 = 5 + 8 =5 + 7 = 5 + 6 = 4 + 9 = 4 + 8 =4 + 7 = 3 + 9 = 3 + 8 = 2 + 9 =【练习题. 十四】（20以内退位减）破十法口诀：看大数，分出10；减小数，加剩数。15 6 = 12 5 = 17 9 = 13 4 = 11 5 = 14 7 = 16 8 = 15 9 =18 9 = 12 7 = 14 9 = 13 7 =12 9 = 11 3 = 12 4 = 16 9 =15 8 = 13 8 = 11 6 = 13 4 = 14 5 = 13 9 = 17 8 = 14 6=【练习题. 十五】（20以内退位减）15 - 6 =20以内减法：14 - 6 =17 - 9 =16 - 8 =11- 8 =12 - 7 =12 - 5 =13- 7 =13 - 8 =14 - 9 =15- 7 =13 - 5 =18 - 9 =11 - 7 =17- 8 =19 - 7 =【练习题. 十六】（20以内退位减）【练习题. 十七】（凑十法）一、用凑十法做一做。9 + 6 = 9 + 5 = 9 + 4 =9 + 3 = 9 + 2 = 9 + 7 =9 + 8 = 9 + 9 = 8 + 8 =8 + 7 = 8 + 9 = 8 + 6 =8 + 5 = 8 + 4 = 8 + 3 =7 + 9 = 7 + 8 = 7 + 7 =7 + 6 = 7 + 4 = 7 + 5 =6 + 9 = 6 + 8 = 6 + 7 =6 + 6 = 6 + 5 = 5 + 9 =5 + 8 = 5 + 7 = 5 + 6 =4 + 9 = 4 + 8 = 4 + 7 =3 + 9 = 3 + 8 = 2 + 9 =二、填出括号里的数。8+（）=10 10+（）=14 6+（）=15（）+4=13 （）+6=13 （）+7=116+（）=14 （）+9=12 8+（）=13三、填空。1、最小的一位数是（），最大的一位数是（），最小的两位数是（）。2、从右边起，第一位是（）位，第二位是( )位。有个十在十位写( )，有个十在十位写（），有几个一在个位写（）。个位上的数是几就表示几个（），十位上的数是几就表示几个（）。3、20以内数中的双数是：4、20以内数中的单数是：【练习题. 十八】（凑十法，破十法）进位加法（凑十法口诀：看大数，分小数，凑成十，算得数。）退位减法（破十法口诀：看大数，分出10，减小数，加剩数。）9 + 6 = 9 + 5 = 9 + 4 = 9 + 3 =9 + 2 = 9 + 7 = 9 + 8 = 9 + 9 =8 + 8 = 8 + 7 = 8 + 9 = 8 + 6 =15 6 = 12 5 = 17 9 = 13 4 =11 5 = 14 7 = 16 8 = 15 9 =18 9 = 12 7 = 14 9 = 13 7 =12 9 = 11 3 = 12 4 = 16 9 =15 8 = 13 8 = 11 6 = 13 4 =14 5 = 13 9 = 17 8 = 14 6=8 + 5 = 8 + 4 = 8 + 3 =7 + 9 = 7 + 8 = 7 + 7 =7 + 6 = 7 + 4 = 7 + 5 =6 + 9 = 6 + 8 = 6 + 7 =6 + 6 = 6 + 5 = 5 + 9 =【练习题. 十九】（20以内退位减法）破十法口诀：看大数，分出10；减小数，加剩数。15 6 = 12 5 = 17 9 =13 4 = 11 5 = 14 7 =16 8 = 15 9 = 18 9 =12 7 = 14 9 = 13 7 = 12 9 = 11 3 = 12 4 =16 9 = 15 8 = 13 8 =11 6 = 13 4 = 14 5 =13 9 = 17 8 = 14 6=【练习题. 二十】（20以内退位减法）20以内退位减法破十法、凑十法复习【重点知识一】凑十法：进位加法使用凑十法口诀：看大数，分小数，凑成十，算得数例子：9 + 9 = 9 + 8 = 9 + 7 =巩固练习：7 + 9 = 7 + 8 = 7 + 7 =9 + 9 = 9 + 8 = 9 + 7 =【重点知识二】破十法：退位减法使用破十法口诀：看大数，分出10，减小数，加剩数例子：18 9 = 17