情态动词表语从句.docx

精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -一、情态动词一分类情态动词有四类：只做情态动词： must,cancould,maymight,可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need,dare可做情态动词又可做助动词：shallshould,willwould ,ought to具有情态动词特点： havehad,has to,used to情态动词表推测二位置情态动词有肯定的词义，但并不完整，必需与动词原形一起构成谓语。I can see you. Come here.我能观察你，过来吧。He must have been away.他肯定走了。What can I do for you.我能帮你吗？How dare you treat us like that！你怎能那样对待我们！三特点情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加"not" 。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气 , 委婉的语气 , 时态性不强 , 可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起，我帮不上你。基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区分之一是， 基本助动词本身没有词义， 而情态助动词就有自己的词义， 能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法， 或表示主观设想：What have you been doing since.（构成完成进行体，本身无词义）I am afraid I must be going.（肯定要）You may have read some account of the matter.（或许已经）除此之外，情态助动词仍有如下词法和句法特点：1）除 ought 和 used 以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to 的不定式。假如我们把 ought to 和 used to 看做是固定词组的话，那么，全部情态动词无一例外的只能接不带 to 的不定式：We used to grow beautiful roses.I asked if he would come and repair my television set.2）情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一： They need not have been punished so severely.3）情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s 形式：She dare not say what she thinks. 4）情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式和分词形式，也没有相应的动名词：Still, she needn't have run away.5）情态助动词的 “时”的形式并不是时间区分的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something. She told him he ought not to have done it.6）情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能显现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have 和 be 基本助动词连用：You should have washed the wound. Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.四用法第一它是动词， 而且不同于行为动词， 行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作（如写，读，跑），而情态动词只是表达的一种想法（如能，或许，敢）。用法是：情态动词 +行为动词原形例句： I can read this sentence in English.我能用英语读这句话。情态动词是一种本身有肯定的词义,表示说话人的心情 ,态度或语气的动词 ,但不能单独作谓语 , 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。May I have your name.我能知道你的名字吗？Shall we begin now.我们现在就开头吗？You must obey the school rules.你必需遵守校规。情态动词数量不多 ,但用途广泛 ,主要有以下 :can could, may might, must, need, ought to, dare dared, shall should, will would,have to ,had better.情态动词仍有一个很重要的用法，即情态动词表估计情态动词表估计的用法小结（一）情态动词表估计的三种句式1.在确定句中一般用must 肯定，may（可能），might / could （或许，或许）。（1） ） He must/may/might know the answer to this question.他肯定 /可能/或许知道这个问题的答案。（2） ） It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.屋里很冷，他们确定把暖气关了。2.否定句中用 can t / couldn 不行能t , may not/might not可能不 。（1） ） It cant/couldnt be the headmaster. He has gone to America.这不行能是校长，他去美国了。（2） ） He may not/might not know the scientist.他或许不熟悉那位科学家。3.疑问句中用 can/could 能.。（1） ） Could he have finished the task.他可能把任务完成了吗？（2） ） Can he be at home now.他现在能在家吗？注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can 的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。（二）情态动词表估计的三种时态1.对将来情形的估计，用 “情态动词+动词原形 ”。（1） ） She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.5:00 前她肯定 /可能/或许到。（2） ） She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -她肯定 /可能/或许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。2.对现在或一般情形的估计，用“情态动词+ be ”，“情态动词+be doing”或“情态动词+ 动词原形 ”。（1） ） He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.他肯定 /可能/或许正在听收音机。（2） ） He cant couldnt / may might not be at home at this time.这个时候他不行能 /可能不在家。（3） ） Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can could he be late for the opening ceremony .布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到了？3.对过去情形的估计，用 “情态动词+ have + 过去分词 ”。（1） ） It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.的湿了，昨晚确定 /可能/或许下雨了。（2） ）The door was locked. He can could not / may might not have been at home .门锁着，他不行能 /可能不在家。（3） ） Can / Could he have gotten the book？莫非他找到书了吗？注：情态动词should /ought to表估计时，意为 “想必会，理应”但与“have +过去分词 ”连用时，就又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应当做某事却没做 ”。例如：（4） ） It s seven o clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.现在七点钟了，杰克理应随时到达。（估计）（5） ） She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital.（虚拟）她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照料她妈妈。（6） ） Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.（虚拟）汤姆本不该告知我你的隐秘，可是他并无恶意。五功能助动词 auxiliary 主要有两类：基本助动词primary auxiliary和情态助动词 modal auxiliary 。基本助动词有三个： do, have 和 be。情态助动词基本的有十四个： may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better上述两类助动词的共同特点是，在帮助主动词构成限定 动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：1）构成否定式：He didn't go and neither did she.The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock. 2）构成疑问式或附加疑问式：Must you leave right now.You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you. 3）构成修辞倒装：Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.4）代替限定动词词组：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle. B: Tom can.A: Shall I write to him. B: Yes, do.can 和 could 的用法1. 表示才能或客观可能性，仍可以表示恳求和答应。如：Can you finish this work tonight. Man can not live without air. Can I go now. Yes, you can.留意： could 也可表示恳求，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不行用于确定句，答语应用 can （即 could 不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：Could I come to see you tomorrow.Yes, you can.（否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.） can 表示才能时，仍可用be able to 代替。如：I'll not be able to come this afternoon.2. 表示惊奇、怀疑、不信任的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或赞叹句中）Can this be true.How can you be so careless. This can not be done by him.3. “ cancould + have +过去分词 ”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不愿定。如：He can not have been to that town. Can he have got the book.4. 用在疑问句及否定句中 ,表示惊奇 ,不信任等 .5. can nottooenough表示" 无论怎样 也不过分 ","越 越好" 6.can可以表示体力活脑力方面的才能，能够，能，会Can you finish the work in such a short time .7. can表示许可、答应，在疑问句中表示要求，在否定句中表示不许，此时可以和 may 通用。may 和 might 的用法1. 表示许可。表示恳求、答应时， might 比 may 的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时 口语中常用 no , you can't . or , yes, please 用 mustn't 表示“不行以 ”、“禁止”、“阻挡”之意具有剧烈禁止的意思 如：You may drive the car. Might I use your pen. No, you mustn't.用 May I .征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用 Can I .征询对方看法在现代口语中更为常见。2. 用于祈使句中表示希望。如：May you succeed.3. 表示估计、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。He may be very busy now.4. “amymight + have +过去分词 ”表示对过去发生的行为的估计。如：He may not have finished the work.must 和 have to 的用法可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -1. 表示必需、必要。（ must 表示主观多一些而have to 就表示客观多一些）如：You must come in time.回答 must 引出的问句时，假如是否定的回答，不能用mustn't ，而要用 needn't或 don't have to 。 Must we hand in our exercise books today. Yes, you must. No, you don t have to.2. “ must be +表语”的结构表示估计，它的否定或疑问式用can 代替 must 。 This must be your pen.3. “ must + have +过去分词 ”的结构常用在确定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的估计。它的否定或疑问式用can 代替 must 。 He must have been to Shanghai.4. have to 的含义与 must 相像，两者往往可以互换使用， 但 have to 有各种形式，随 have 的变化而定。 must 与 have to 有以下几点不同： must 表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to 就往往强调客观需要。如：The play is not interesting. I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age. must 一般只表现在， have 就有更多的时态形式。二者的否定意义不大相同。如： You mustn't go.你可不要去。 You don't have to go.你不必去。询问对方的意愿时应用must 。如：Must I clean all the room.留意： have to 也可拼做 have got to 。5. 表示一种与说话人愿望相反、不耐烦的感情颜色，偏偏、非要。Why must you always bother me .Unit3.表语从句和宾语从句二表语从句肯定义：A 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。The problem is puzzling.主语连系动词形容词作表语The problem is when we can get a pay rise.主语连系动词一个句子作表语-表语从句B 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.He has become a teacher.He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. She has remained there for an hour.She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour. His suggestion is good.His suggestion is that we should stay calm. The question is confusing.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. why he cried yesterday.how I can persuade her to join us in the party. whether the enemy is marching towards us.二留意：A 表语从句肯定要用陈述语序。False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.B 不行以用 if，而用 whether连接表语从句 as if例外）。False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.C 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一样。Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.D that 在表语从句中不行以省掉。表语从句只能置于主句之后， 而主句的动词只能是联系动词。 一表语从句的定义： 表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。二、表语从句的构成：关联词 +简洁句三、引导表语从句的关联词的种类：1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be ，look ，seem ，sound ，appear 等。China is no longer what she used to be.今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。The question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题仍是他们能否帮我们。At that time ，it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word.当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。2. 从属连词 whether ，as ，as if / though引导的表语从句。He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来仍与十年前一样。It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.听起来似乎有人在敲门。3. because ，why 引导的表语从句。That's because he didn't understand me.那是由于他没有懂得我。（That's because强调缘由）That's why he got angry with me.那正是他对我愤怒的缘由。（That's why强调结果）what 引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason 作主语时，后面的表语从句表示缘由时要用 that 引导，不宜用 because.The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.我伤心的缘由是他没有懂得我。4. 连接代词 who ，whom ，whose ，what ，which ，whoever ，whatever ，whichever连接副词where ， when ， how ，why可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她了。The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。5. 从属连词 thatThe trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的的址丢了。6. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝说、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表 示，should 可省略。常见的词有： advice ，suggestion ，order ，proposal ， plan ，idea 等。My suggestion is that we（should ） start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就动身。四、应留意的问题：1. 连系动词 be， appear ，seem ， look 等之后可以跟表语从句。It was because he didn't pass the exam.那是由于他没有通过考试。 It seems （that ）he was late for the train.看来他没搭上火车。It appears that she was wrong.看来她错了。It seems to me that we should answer for this.在我看来，我们似乎应当对此事负责。It appears to her that he wants to teach us all he has.在她看来，他似乎要把他所会的都教给我们。2. 引导表语从句的引导词有以下几类。1） wh-疑问词My question is who left.我想问的是谁离开了。What I wonder is when he left.我想知道他是何时离开的。That's what he wants.那是他想要的。This is where they once lived.这就是他们曾经住过的的方。That is why he didn't come here.这就是他为何没到这儿来的缘由。2） whetherMy question is whether he left（or not ）。我的问题是他是否离开了。注： if 不能引导表语从句。3） thatThe fact is that he left.事实是他离开了。 注：引导表语从句的连词that 间或可以省略。The truth is （ that ）I didn't go there.事实是我没去那儿。4） because ，as， as if ，as thoughIt's just because he doesn't know her.这是仅仅由于他不熟悉她。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -Things are not always as they seem to be.事物并不总是如其表象。He looks as if he's tired.他似乎累了。 7.由 because 引导It is because I love you too much.那是由于我太爱你了。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结That s because you can t appreciate mus这ic是.由于你不能观赏音乐。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结It's because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class.这是由于我在上课中替约翰传纸条给海伦。一、表语从句的引导词引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether ，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型what ，以及 as if, as though, because等连词。1. 由 that 引导可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The fact is that he doesn t reall事y t实ry是.他没有做真正的努力。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦的是我把他的的址丢了。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建议是我们应当告知他。His sole requirement was is that the system work.他唯独的要求是这个制度能起作用。My idea is that we should start making preparations right now.我的看法是我们立刻就开头做预备工作。2. 由 whether 引导The question is whether the film is worth seeing.问题是这部电影是否值得看。【留意】whether可引导表语从句， 但与之同义的 if 却通常不用于引导表语从句。3. 由连接代词引导You are not who I thought you were.你已不是我过去所想像的人。The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她了。The question is who m we should trust.问题是我们应当信任谁。What I want to know is which road we should take.我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。4. 由连接副词引导The problem is how we can find him.问题是我们如何找到他。 That was when I was fifteen.这是我 15 岁时发生的事。 That s where I first met her. 那就是我第一次遇见她的的方。That s why he didn t co这me就. 是他没有来的缘故。That s why I object to the plan. 这就是我反对这个方案的缘由。That s where you are wrong. 这就是你不对的的方。5. 由关系代词型 what 引导That s what I want to stress. 这是我想强调的。That s what we are here for. 我们来这里就为了这个。Fame and personal gain is what theyafterr.e 他们追求的是名利。He is no longer what he was.他已经不是以前的他了。6. 由 as if / as though引导可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结It isn t as if you were going away for ever又.不是你离开不回来了。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结【留意】 because可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since, as, for等也不用于引导表语从句。二、连词 that 的省略问题可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -引导表语从句的 that 通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略： My idea is that we should do it right away. 我的看法是我们应当立刻干。The trouble is that he is ill. 糟糕的是他病。主语从句主语从句可以按其引导词的不同分为三类：第一类，用从属连词that 引导的主语从句，例如：That we shall be late is certain.That the driver could not control his car was obvious.这种结构主要是对that 从句的内容进行强调，属正式文体，连词that 不行以省略。但是在一般情形下，往往使用先行it 结构，即用 it 作形式主语，而把that 从句放到后面，这时，在口语中，连词that 有时就可以省略。所以上述两句可 以改为：It is certain that we shall be late.It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.假如整个句子是疑问形式，就只能用先行it 结构，例如：Is it true that he would take the risk？Is it pos