新译林八级上册-语法总结.docx

精品名师归纳总结八年级上册 8AUnit1-8语法总结1. 形容词 /副词的比较等级 1 用法讲解大多数的形容词都有三个级别：原级、 比较级、 最高级。 其中比较级表示 “更 ”,用于两者之间的比较, 用来说明 “前者比后者更 ”,比较级前面一般用much, even, a little 修饰, 其中 even, much 只能修饰比较级。最高级表示 “最”,用于三者及三者以上之间的比较,用来说明“某人或某物在某个范畴内最” 形容词的比较级 -er和最高级 -est的构成a. 规章变化之口诀：直接加。去e 加。双写加。变 y 加; more/ mostb. 不规章变化原级比较级最高级good / wellbetterbestbad / illworseworstmany / muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther, furtherfarther, furtheroldolder, elderoldest, eldest比较级前的修饰语still, even, any, quitea bit, almost, nearly, just, rather 。a little, a bit 。much, a lot, far, many 。twice, ten times, one fourth, two pounds, three years形 容词的比较等级 2常见句型A=BA+ V + as + adj./adv. + as + B（与。一样）He is as tall as I/me. 他和我一样高。He is as good a teacher as his father.他和他的父亲一样是个好老师。A BA + V + not + as/so + adj./adv. + as + B（与。不一样）They didn t do as/so much work as you did他. 们干得事没有你多。I ve never seen as/so old a car as th我is从. 来没有见过像这样旧的车。A > B或 A < BA + V +比较级 + than + B（比。更。 ）Tom is two years older than his brother.汤姆比他的弟弟大两岁。Our classroom is bigger than theirs.我们的教室比他们的大。表示倍数 A + V + twice/fourtimes/ + as + adj./adv. + as + B （ A 是 B 的两倍 / 四倍 / ） This room is twice as large as that one.整个房间是那房间的两倍大。The earth is 49 times as big as the moon.的球是月球 的 49 倍大。表示程度的递增 主语 + V +比较级 + and+ 比较级 越来越 主语 + V + more and more+ +adj./adv. 越来越 The days are getting shorter and shorter.白天变得越来越长了。Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们的国家变得越来越美了。表示两种情形同时变化The+比较级 + 主语 + V + , the+比较级 + 主语 + V + 越 越The more we get together, the happier we ll be.=If we get together more, we ll be happier.我们聚得越多,我们就会越兴奋。The harder you study, the better you ll be at English.= If you study harder, you ll be better你学习越努力,你的英语成果越好。主语 + be +one of the+最高级+ n.pl. +in/of 是最 之一 Beijing is one of the oldest cities in China. 北京是中国最古老的城市之一。主语 + V 。+ the+最高级 + in/of 最可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Ann studies hardest of all the girls in our class. 安妮是我们班学习最用功的同学之一。主语 + V 。+ the+比较级 + of the two <两者中 >较 的 Lily is the taller of the twins.莉莉是这两个双胞胎中较高的那个。主语 + V 。+ 比较级 + than + any other +n. 单数 + in 比任何其他的更主语 + V 。+ 比较级 + than + any of the other +n. 复数 + in 比任何其他的更 He is taller than any other student i n his class.他比他班级中其他的任何同学高。= He is taller than any of the other students in his class.= He is the tallest students in his class.11 A+ V +more/ fewer +可数名词复数 + thanB A 比 B做更多、更少。 。 A+ V +more/ less +不行数名词复数 + thanB A 比 B做更多、更少。 。 John studies more subjects than Nancy. John 比 Nancy 学更多科目。Students in the USA have more weeks off in the summertime than British students.在夏天美国同学比英国同学有更多周不上课。12. A+ V + the same（ size/ colour/ age. ） as + B （ A 与 B 一样）My uniform is the same as Simon s uniform.我的校服和Simon 的校服一样 .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Millie s pencil box is the same size as Amy A+ V + different from + B（ A 与 B 不一样）我的s铅p笔en盒cil和box.Amy 的铅笔盒一样大。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Kitty s rubber is different from SimonKsittryub的be橡r.皮和 Simon 的橡皮不一样。2. 反身代词第一人称其次人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimself/herself/itselfthemselves（ 1）作动词或介词的宾语：常常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave 等动词和 by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。通常表示反身代词与句中的主语是同一人。它在句中作宾语,不能省略,否就该句是一个意义不完整的错句。如：He is teaching herself English. 她在自学英语。She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。He lives by himself in the country. 他独自住在乡下。（ 2）作主语或宾语的同位语：主要起加强语气的作用,译作“亲自,本身,本人”。如： Did you make the cake yourself. 这蛋糕是你亲自做的吗.yourself 作主语 you 的同位语 The work itself is easy. 这工作本身很简洁。 itself 作主语 the work 的同位语 Did you see Mr. Wang himself. 你见过王先生本人吗？ himself 作宾语 Mr. Wang 的同位语 （ 3）作表语：在 be, feel, look, seem 等系动词后作表语,表示身体或精神状态处于正常。如：I m not myself toda今y. 天我感觉不舒适。I am feeling myself again. 我觉得健康如昔。3 祈使句讲解一、祈使句：用于表达命令、恳求、劝说、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句. 祈使句的作用是要求、恳求或命令、劝说、建议别人做或不做一件事。祈使句的句末一般用感叹号,但是有些祈使句的语气较弱,可以用句号结尾祈使句因对象（即主语）是其次人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,例：Go and wash your hands. 例如：保持寂静！Be kind to our sister.Watch your steps.表示禁止的句式有：不准、 不要、别、 No parking.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结二、表现形式确定结构 :1. Do 型即: 动词原形 +宾语 + 其它成分 。如 :Please have a seat here.有的祈使句在意思明确的情形下,动词可省略。如 :This way, please. = Go this way, please. 。2. Be 型即:Be + 表语 名词或形容词 +其它成分 。如:Be a good boy.要做一个好孩子 .3. Let 型即:Let +宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分 。如 :Let me help you.让我来帮你。否定结构 :1. Do 型和 Be 型的否定式都是在句首加 don't 构成, 如:Don't forget me. Don't be late for school. 2. Let 型的否定式有两种 : “Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分 ”和 “Let+ 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。如 :Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。3. 有些可用 no 开头 ,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如 :No smoking. No fishing. 禁止钓鱼 .用"let" 的祈使句时,必需留意以下几点：1、"let"的否定句有二。假如宾语是第三人称用"Don't let." 。假如宾语是第一人称,就用"Let.not"：Don't let this type of things happen again.It's raining now. Let's not go out until after the rain.2、"Let" 只适用于现在时态,可以有被动语态the passive voice,如： Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison.Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted.3、"Let" 后头除了是不带 "to" 的不定式动词The infinitive without "to"之外,仍可以是某些适当的副词,如out, in, down, alone 等：Let the puppy out.Open the windows and let the fresh air in. The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down. Let me alone, please.用"Let's" 时,把谈话者的对象包括在内。用"Let us" 时,并不包括对方,如：Let's try it, shall we.Let us do it by ourselves, will you.三祈使句与并列连词and 与 or 连用时可以表示条件。Work harder, and you will catch up with your classmates.4 情态动词 should ,ought to, had better的用法一 Should 和 ought to1 表达职责或义务,提出劝说及一般人们认为应当去做的事,常用来谈论现在和将来。Oughtyou to eat so much .2. should 用于否定句,多表示做了不应当做的事。Oughtto 的否定形式是oughtnot to ,口语中常用oughtn t toYou oughtn t to easto much .3. 在大多数情形下should 和 ought to 的意思大致相同。Should 比 ought to 语气要轻一些。另外,当我们用 should 时,谈的是自己的主观看法。oughtto 就更多反应客观情形。如：You should/ought to go and see Mr Wang sometime.二 had better1. had better do最好 “” had 常缩写为 d否定式 had better not do一般疑问句把had 放在主语的前面。1 You d better hurry up if you wantto get home before dark. 2We d bettenrot disturb him.3 Had we better go now.我们最好现在走吗？可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结2. had better 适用于任何人称和数You d bettegr o with me.3. 变为一般疑问句时,假如是确定句,就把had 提前,放在句首。假如是否定句,就把hadn 提t Had you better go there at once.4. 含有 had better 的反义疑问句的简短问句部分中要用had 或 hadn 如t.： You had better give him the magazine, hadn ytou .may 的用法一、表示许可或征求对方的许可,有“可以 ”的意思。例如：You may go now. 你可以走了。May I use your computer. 我用一下你的电脑可以吗？ 二、回答以 may 开头的疑问句有如下表达法：-May I smoke here. 我可以在这儿抽烟吗？-Yes, you may. / Yes, please. 请抽吧。-No, you can't. / No, you mustn't. / No, you'd better not.请不要抽烟。三、表示推测,通常只用于陈述句。例如：You may be right. 你可能是对的。四、在口语中 can 可以代替 may 表示许可,但 can 较任凭, may 更正式。例：Can I use your bike, John. 约翰,我可以用一下你的自行车吗？May I have a look at your license please, sir.先生,我可以看一下你的执照吗？can 的用法一、表才能,有 “能,会,能够 ”的意思。例如：-Can you drive a car. 你会开车吗？-Yes, I can. 我会。 / No, I can't. 我不会。二、表答应,在口语中代替may,有 “可以 ”的意思。（见下面 may 的用法第四点）三、表示可能性,常用于否定句和疑问句。例如：Can it be true. 那会是真的吗？Today is Sunday. He can't be at school. 今日是星期天,他不行能在学校里。前即可。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结5 动词不定式1概念动词不定式是由 “to动词原形 ”构成。动词不定式是一种非限定性动词 ,在句中不能单独充当谓语。 （非限定性动词可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词 ,他们在句中不能单独充当谓语。）动词不定式相当于名词、形容词或副词,在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。2句型 主语 + vt. 及物动词 + to-v 动词不定式 want, decide, wish, hope, choose, refuse, would like, expect,He decided to go there himself.他打算亲自去那儿。 主语 + vt. 及物动词 + to-v 动词不定式 stop, go on, remember, forget, start, begin, Please remember to bring the book to school next time. 请记住下次把书带到学校来。 主语 + vt. 及物动词 +it + adj.形容词 + to-v 动词不定式 find, think, make, feel,The Internet makes it easy to get much new information in a short time.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结 主语 + vt. 及物动词 +sb./sth.+ not + to-v 动词不定式 get, allow, encourage, beg, wait for, warn, ask, want, would like, tell, wish, expect, invite,It s raining hard now. Let s wait for the ra雨in下to得s很to大p. ,让我们等雨停下来。 主语 + vt. 及物动词 +sb./sth.+ not + v 动词原形 feel, listen to, hear, let, make, have, see, watch, look at, notice, The workers was made to work twelve hours a day.工人们被迫每天工作十二小时。 主语 + vt. 及物动词 +sb./sth.+疑问词+ to-v 动词不定式 teach, show, know, I don t know whether to go there我. 不知道是否去那儿。6 英语的简洁句有五种基本句型：主谓（ S+V ）。 主谓宾 S+V+O 。 主系表 S+V+P 。主谓间宾直宾 S+V+IO+DO 。 主谓直宾宾补 S+V+DO+OC 。把握这五种基本句型,是把握各种英语句子结构的基础。7 过去进行时1 把握过去进行时 was / were + doing表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,其确定、 否定和疑问形式如下：was/were+noting formIwas+not可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结You/We/Theywere+notHe/She/Itwas+notWasIWereyou/we/theyWashe/she/itdancing.dancing.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Yes,Iwas.you/we/theywere.he/she/itwas.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结No,Iwas not/wasn t.you/we/theywere not/weren t.he/she/itwas not/wasn t.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结while, when, as可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结把握 while和 when 在过去进行时中的用法：表示两个连续性的动作在过去同时发生用while ,when 后接一个短暂性的动作。连续性的动作用过去进行时,短暂性的动作用一般过去时。e.g.：I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV. The bell rang while he was reading books.When the bell rang, he was reading books. 以上这两句主从句前后可以互换1、“主短从长”型：即主句是一个短暂性动作,而从句是一个连续性动作,此时三者都可用。如： Jim hurt his arm while when, as he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。As When, While she was waiting for the train , she became very impatient. 她在等火车时, 变得很不耐烦。2、“主长从长”型：即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态,且强调主句动作或状态连续到从句所指的整个时间,此时通常要用while 。I always listen to the radio while I m driving.我总是一边开车一边听收音机。He didn t ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message.他没有让我进去,他只顾看那张条子,让我站在门口等着。但是,如主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边一边”之意时,就习惯上要用as。如： He swung his arms as he walked. 他走路时摇摆着手臂。3、“主长从短”型：即主句是一个连续性动作,而从句是一个短暂性动作,此时可以用as 或 when ,但不能用 while 。如：It was raining hard when as we arrived.我们到达时正下着大雨。When As he came in,I was listening to the radio.他进来时,我在听收音机可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载