（新整理）2020中考语法语态精讲.docx
中考语法语态精讲 考点一 被动语态的应用 语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。当主语是动作的执行者时用主动语态（某人做某事）；当主语是动作的承受者时，用被动语态（某事被某人做）。一、各种时态的被动语态 被动语态由“主语+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，助动词有时态、人称和数的变化。结构例句一般现在时：主语+am/is/are+过去分词The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天都打扫。一般过去时：主语+was/were+过去分词Our school was built in 1998.我们的学校在1998年建造。一般将来时：主语+shall/will+be+过去分词The sports meeting will be held tomorrow. 运动会明天举行。现在进行时：主语+am/is/are +being+过去分词The car is being repaired.这辆汽车正在修理中。过去进行时：主语+was/were +being+过去分词The machine was being painted then. 那时那台机器正在上油漆。现在完成时：主语+has/have +been+过去分词The bank has been built.银行已经建成了。过去完成时：主语+had +been+过去分词I had been invited to visit America before I came here. 在来这儿之前我已经被邀请访问美国了。过去将来时：主语+should/would+be+过去分词Ann told me she would be sent to America. 安告诉我她将被派往美国。含有情态动词的被动语态：主语+情态动词+be+过去分词The bike cant be put here.这辆自行车不能被放在这里。 二、主动语态变被动语态的方法第一步：先确定主动句的主、谓、宾，找出其中的谓语动词。第二步：把主动句中谓语动词后面的宾语变为被动句的主语，若宾语是人称代词，应把宾格变为主格。第三步：把主动句中的谓语动词变为“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”，但时态不能改变。第四步：把主动句中谓语动词前面的主语变为被动句中介词by的宾语（没必要说出动作的执行者时可省略），若主语是人称代词时，应把主格变为宾格。 考点二 被动语态的几种特殊形式1. 主动句中感官动词see/hear/watch/feel等和使役动词make/let/have等后跟省略to的动词不定式，变为被动语态时应加上不定式符号to。例如：We saw an alien get out of the UFO. An alien was seen to get out of the UFO.【温馨提示】后接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词变为被动语态时，宾补部分不变。对比：We heard Jim playing the guitar in his room. Jim was heard playing the guitar in his room.2. 谓语动词后接双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）时，（1）把间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变。例如：He gave me a new book. 间接宾语 直接宾语I was given a new book by him. (2)把直接宾语变主语，间接宾语不变。例如：He gave me a new book. 间接宾语 直接宾语A new book was given to me by him. 3. 句中谓语是动词短语时，变为被动语态时要注意其完整性。Jack turned on the TV just now.The TV was turned on by Jack just now.4. 带有复合宾语的动词变为被动语态时，只须把宾语变为被动语态的主语，而宾语补足语仍保留在原处，作主语补足语。例如：Our teacher told us to clean the classroom at once.We were told to clean the classroom at once by our teacher.5. 主动表被动(1) feel, look, sound, smell, taste等系动词的主动语态表示被动含义。例如：The dishes smell so delicious.菜闻起来真香。Your idea sounds better.你的主意听起来更好。(2)有些动词，如sell, cut, drive, wash, clean, write, open, lock等，作为不及物动词时可以用主动语态表示被动含义。例如：Books of Harry Potter sell well.哈利波特系列的书很畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起字来很流畅。 (3) sth. need/ want/ require doing相当于sth. need/ want/ require to be done (不定式的被动结构)。例如：Your room needs cleaning. = Your room needs to be cleaned. 你的房间需要打扫了。(4)be worth doing(值得做) 中的doing表示被动含义。The movie is worth watching by everyone.这部电影值得所有人看一看。6. 不用被动语态的情况(1)系动词、不及物动词或某些动词短语没有被动语态。 例如：come true; fall asleep; keep quiet; take place等；(2)主动句的宾语是不定式或doing时不能用作被动语态的主语；(3)反身代词或each other不能作被动语态的主语。7. 被动语态与系表结构的区别“be + p. p. ”表示动作时是被动语态；“be + p. p. ”表示主语所处的状态时是系表结构。(1)含有“by + 宾语”结构强调动作执行者，此时为被动语态。例如：The window is broken. 窗户坏了。（系表结构）The window is broken by me. 窗户是我打破的。（被动语态）(2)句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般是被动语态。例如： The door was closed. 门是关着的。（系表结构） The door was closed at 9: 00. 九点钟关的门。（被动语态）(3)系表结构中常用介词搭配，被动语态中没有介词搭配。例如：Were worried about the boy.我们担心那个男孩。(4)系表结构的过去分词可以被副词修饰。例如： Im really surprised at the news.我对这个消息真的感到很惊讶。(5)系表结构通常只有一般现在时和一般过去时，而被动语态可用于多种时态。
