土木工程专业英语词汇短语总结(共9页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Lesson 1 Introduction to Mechanics of Materials材料力学 mechanics of materials材料强度 strength of materials 轴向受力杆件 axially-loaded bars应变 strain应力 stress变形 deformation临界荷载 critical load拉压剪 tension compression shear等直杆件 prismatic bar轴力 axial force隔离体 free body拉力 tensile force截面 cross section形心 centroid无量纲的量 nondimensional quantity可变形的 deformable装配，集合 assembly推论 derivation 方程 equation性能 property棱柱的 prismatic液体静力学的 hydrostatic集度，强度 intensity合力 resultant静力学 statics伸长，延长 elongationLesson 2 Types of Beams and Stress Resultants in Beams横截的 transverse对称 symmetry弯曲 bending不对称的 unsymmetrical/asymmetrical销轴 pin滚轴 roller移动 translate水平地 horizontally支撑，支持 sustain嵌住的 built-in悬臂梁 cantilever悬臂 overhang均匀的，一致的 uniformly力偶 couple约束 restraint柔性的 flexible法向的，正态 normal图像 diagram对称轴 axis of symmetry简支梁 simply supported beam(simple beam)集中力 concentrated force分布力 distributed load均布荷载 uniformly distributed load静力学平衡方程 equation of static equilibrium竖向 vertical direction跨度，区间 span应力分布 distribution of stresses弯矩 bending moment静定 statically determinate水平约束 horizontal restraintLesson 3 Principal Stresses in Beams法向应力 normal stress剪应力 shear stress 横截面 cross section 中性轴 neutral axis主应力 principal stress弯矩M和剪力V bending moment and shear force主压应力 compressive principal stress 主拉应力 tensile principal stress 正交曲线 orthogonal curves应力迹线 stress trajectory应力等值线 stress contour局部效应 localized effects应力集中 stress concentration大小，数量 magnitude矩形的 rectangular相交 intersect腹板 web连接 junction角缝 filletLesson 4 Continuous Beams连续梁 continuous beam 轴向变形 axial deformations 销轴支承 pin support辊轴支承 roller support静不定次数 the degree of statical indetermincy多余的 redundant叠加、迭加 superposition旋转角 angles of rotation正弯矩 positive bending moment 形心间距 centroidal distance惯性矩 inertia中间的 intermediate有利的 advantageous同时的 simultaneous协调一致 compactibility Lesson 5 Unit-load Method for Calculating Displacements单位荷载法： unit-load method简单桁架 simple trusses静定/静不定结构 statically determinate/indeterminate structure虚荷载 dummy/fictitious load移动 translation共线反向力 collinear and oppositely directed forces虚功 virtual work 相对位移 relative displacement扭转力偶 twisting couple与。一致 correspond to.笼统地 in a generalized senseLesson 6 Reciprocal Theorems互等定理 reciprocal theorems位移。 reciprocal displacement theorem线弹性结构 linearly elastic structure相应的概念 the concept of correspondence迭加原理 principle of superposition应变能 strain energy线性地 linearly按顺序 in sequence根据 in accordance withLesson 7 Slipforms滑模（施工） slipform 凸出物，凸部 projection凹部 depression挤压成型 extrusion企口，沟，槽 groove厚板 plank弯，起拱 camber膨胀 swell架 yoke千斤顶 jack脚手架 scaffold误差 deviation推论 derivation叠加(动词) superimpose逐渐变细 taper桥墩 bridge piers钢筋和预埋铁件reinforcing steel and metal inserts摩擦 friction 气动 pneumatically电动 electrically减少压力 conteract the pressure保持湿度 keep the concrete moist喷雾器 fog spray担任 act as 在非常情况下 in extreme cases第8课：升板法 Lift-Slab Method施工方法 method of construction连续地 in succession底层的，下垫的 underlying箱型出口 box-out液压千斤顶 hydraulic jack锚杆 anchor支撑，牛腿，托座 bracket竖向支撑 sway bracing横向支撑 lateral bracing剪力墙 shear wall叠 nest先张法 pretensioning 后张法 posttensioning突（凸）出的 protruding（开）凹槽 recess套筒式的 telescopic吊杆，悬臂 boom焊接 weld屋顶层，阁楼 garret起重机，吊车 crane刚度核心 core of rigidity滑模 slipform布置，定线 layout地震引起的 seismic预制，装配 prefabrictate第9课：挖掘 excavation公制的模数单元 metric modular unitLesson 13 Strength and Deformation of Concrete in Compressionshort-time loading 短期荷载stress-strain relationship 应力应变关系moderate testing speed 中等试验速度compressive strength 抗压强度high-strength concrete 高强混凝土modulus of elasiticity 弹性模量slope 斜率stress-strain curve 应力应变曲线reasonable accuracy 相当精度empirical equation 经验公式unit weigh 单位重量hardened concrete 硬结的混凝土sand-and-stone concrete砂石混凝土hydrate 水化reinforced-concrete 钢筋混凝土lower-story较低层的high-rise building 高层建筑brittleness 脆性的specimen 样品longitudinal 轴心的，纵向的schematically 图解法prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土cylinder strength 圆柱体强度condition of loading 加载条件internal disintegration of the material 材料内部分裂transverse to 垂直于Poissions ratio 泊松比longtime loading 长期荷载engineering material 工程材料duration of loading 荷载持续时间rate of stress 应力变化率rate of loading 加载速率behavior of concrete 混凝土性能creep 徐变property of material 材料性能continue deforming 持续变形considerable length of time 相当长constant stress 恒定应力instantaneous strain 瞬时应变total deformation 总变形solid curve 实现dashed curve 虚线elastic instantaneous stain 弹性瞬时应变reload 重新加载be proportional to 与成比例ambient relative humidity 环境相对湿度an outward migration of free pore water 游离孔隙水向外流动final asymptotic value 最终渐近值the creep coefficient 徐变系数lesson 14combined stress 联合应力footing 基础slab 板principal stress 主应力biaxial 双轴的triaxial 三轴的maximum-tension stress 最大拉应力mean normal stress 平均正应力failure criterion 破环标准interaction diagram 相关图nondimensionalize 使无量纲化nondimensional 无量钢的quadrant 扇形failure envelope 破坏包络线uniaxial compression 单轴压缩lesson 15附加长期绕度 additional longtime deflection收缩 shrinkage蠕变 creep低/高强度 low/high-strength一个当量 an equivalent长期模量 sustained modulus持续荷载 sustained loads瞬时绕度 short-time deflection/instantaneous deflection受弯构件 flexural menber配合曲线 curve-fitting正弯曲的 positive-bending负弯曲的 negative-bending 正弯矩区和负弯矩区 positive-and negative-bending regions受压筋含钢 compression-steel受拉筋含钢率 tensile-steel radio参数 parameter荷载与绕度 load-deflection非线性 nonlinear随时间变化的 time-dependent允许 permit复杂的 elaborate场所 lieu直接的 explicit高跨比 span-depth radio单向 one-way规定 specify考虑 take account of指出，提出 point out近于 close to参照，关于 with reference to取代，代替 in lieu of连续梁 continuous beams荷载持续部分 sustained part of load总绕度 total deflection短期重荷载 heavy short-time load短期峰值荷载 short-time peak load总荷载弯矩图 total load-moment diagram活荷载 live load单向实心板 solid one-way slabs单向加肋板 ribbed one-way slabs单位重 unit weightlesson 16均质的 homogeneous截面，段，节 section结合，粘合 bond胶粘剂，粘着的 adhesive接触，连接 contact整块，整段 single-piece抛物线的 parabolic自旋，螺旋 spin边，缘 edge附近，近处 vicinity中跨 midspan限制，约束 confine削弱，损害 impair完整性，完善 integrity适当的，恰当的 adequately除外 except for特别需要注意 be of particular concert弹性材料 elastic material剪应力 shear stresses专心-专注-专业弯曲应力 bending stresses分层梁 laminated beam中和轴 neutral axis矩形整梁 single-piece rectangular beam竖直剪应力 vertical shear stresses横截面面积 cross-sectional areaLesson 17design for shear and diagonal tension 剪切与斜向拉伸设计flexural requirements 抗弯要求premature failure 过早的破坏longitudinal flexural stress 纵向弯曲应力stirrup 箍筋bent-up longitudinal steel 弯起纵筋aggregate interlock 骨料咬合力maintain 保持integrity 整体性concrete compression zone 混凝土受压区inclined cracks 斜向裂缝edge-supported slabs 边缘支承体ACI Code procedures 美国混凝土学会规范factored loads 计算荷载nominal shear strength 标称抗剪强度web steel 腹筋strength-reduction factor 强度折减系数conservatism 保守主义conservative 保守的failure mode 破坏方式support reactions 支座反力effective depth有效高度tensile-steel ratio 受拉钢筋配筋率provision 条文 （复数 provisions）longitudinal spacing 纵向间距yield strength 屈服强度concrete joist 混凝土密肋flange 翼缘web width 腹板宽elsewhere 其他部位dowel action 销栓作用initiate 开始Lesson 18torsion 扭转torsional strength 抗扭强度longitudinal splitting 纵向劈裂torque 扭矩spiral 螺旋的in actuality 实际上upon cracking 一旦开裂torsional resistance 抗扭力cracking torque 开裂扭矩torque-twist curve 扭矩-扭转曲线twist 扭转potential failure surface 可能的破坏面be bounded by 以为边界inclination 倾角plain 素的、不配筋的legs （箍筋的）肢 twisting couple 扭转力偶yield point 屈服点lever 杠杆lever arm 力臂identical 相同的analytically 解析地、分析地primarily 主要地chief 主要的anchors 锚固vand 成立最外纤维 outer fibers平衡原理 reasons of equilibrium平衡水平剪应力 equilibrating horizontal shear stresses应力轨迹 stress trajectories水平弯曲应力 horizontal bending stresses斜向拉伸 diagonal tensionLesson 19 Vertical and Horizontal LoadsVertical/horizontal loads垂直、水平荷载Floor and roof loads楼面及屋面荷载The minimum live loads最小活荷载Building code建筑规范Local municipal code地方规范State code国家规范Regional code地区规范Model codes proposed for general通用规范Representative values of minimum live loads最小活荷载代表值Uniformly distributed loadsUniform load均布荷载Concentrated loads集中荷载Ft square平方英尺Uniform and concentrated loads均布及集中荷载Impact loading冲撞Live load活荷载Fully loaded满载Reduction折减Dead load恒荷载Member构件Column loads柱荷载Dead weight of the floor楼板自重Design load设计荷载Suspended load悬挂荷载Snow loads雪荷载Local depth and density of snowfallRepair loads维修荷载Reasonable stiffness适当刚度Building frames建筑框架Wind pressure风压Inertia forces惯性力Vertical motion of the groundWind and earthquake loads风和地震荷载Design wind pressures设计风压Zones of high earthquake probability地震高发区Joint节点Vertical centerlines垂直中心线Horizontal centerlines水平中心线Planes of the frames框架平面Bearing walls承重墙Cantilever beams悬臂梁Integral shear walls剪力墙Reinforced-concrete buildings钢筋混凝土建筑Nonstructural不承重lightweight curtain walls轻质幕墙Shear-resistant vertical walls垂直剪力墙Joints of the frame框架节点Relatively rigid diaphragms刚性隔板Lateral deflection侧向变形Given level标高楼层Combinations of dead and live load恒、活荷载组合The most unfavorably distributed live load最不利活荷载Rarity and temporary偶然性临时性Secondary effects次要影响Dead and live load恒、活荷载ACI美国砼协会Approximate methods近似方法Tread踏步Rectangle矩形Lesson 20 Types of Precast Members and AssembliesPrecast units预制单元Exterior wall panels外墙板Wall panels墙板Curtain walls幕墙Bearing walls承重墙Sandwich panels夹层板Lightweight concrete轻质砼Aggregates骨料Colored cement有色水泥Cracking裂缝Maximum tensile stress最大拉应力Straight-line theory线性理论The modulus of rupture of the particular concrete砼弯曲抗拉强度Adequate margin of safety安全储备The modulus of rupture 弯曲抗拉强度Lightweight aggregate concrete轻骨料砼Sand-lightweight concrete砂质砼Span lengths跨长Magnitude of loads荷载大小Desired fire ratings防火等级Continuous over several spans 多跨连续Magnitude of loadsDeflection limitations挠度限制Insulation保温Hollow planks空心板Depths range from 4 to about 8 in , widths from 2 to 4ft厚4-8英寸，宽2-4英寸Double tees双T型板Concrete topping 砼面层Precast joists隔栅支承Floor and roof units of reinforced 钢筋砼楼板楼面Prestressed concrete预应力砼Quality control质量控制Prestressed-concrete floor and roof预应力砼楼板、楼面Precast beams预制梁Leger beams带肩梁Precast columns预制柱Single-story单层Multi-story多层Corbels牛腿Intermediate beams中间连续梁Lesson 21 Footing（foundation/substructure）Stratum n. 层、地层（layer）soil stratumPile n. 桩Caisson n. 沉箱Strap n. 条、带Column n. 柱（interior column 内柱；exterior column 外柱）Capital n. 柱顶、柱头Perimeter n. 周围、圆周Concentrically ad.同心的、同轴的Eccentrically ad.偏心的Compacted ad.密实的、夯实的Settle n. 沉降Total settlement 总沉降Differential settlement 不均匀沉降Bearing pressure 支承压力Allowable bearing pressure 地基承载力Spread foundation 扩张基础Beam-and-girder floor 肋形楼盖Coarse-grained soils 粗颗粒土（砂土）Clay soils 粘土Compressible soils 压缩性土Wall footing 墙基础Column footing 柱基础Single-column footing 单柱基础（独立柱基础）Combined footing 复试基础、联合基础Strap footing 条形基础Mat foundation 板式基础、满堂基础Raft foundation 浮筏基础Lesson 22 steps in structure design processEsthetics n. 美学Dominate vt.高耸、于之上Amplification n. 增大、放大Aerodynamic a. 空气动力学的Response n. 反应、响应Phase n.方面、相位Revise vt. 校正、修正Secondary a. 补充的Inelastic a.非弹性的Functional requirements 功能要求Structure and loading 结构与荷载Cost of the structure 造价Loading conditions 荷载条件Preliminary design 初步设计Allowable stress design 允许应力设计（方法）Analysis 分析Selection of section 截面选择（section modulus截面模量；plastic modulus塑性模量）Secondary design items 次要设计项目Local buckling 局部屈曲Deflections 扰度Stiffness 刚度Brittle fracture 脆断Lesson 23干扰，效应 disturbance定位 orientation仓库 warehouse不规则的，不平的 uneven跨度，排架间距 bay定性的 quantitative校正 adjustment恒载 dead load活荷载 live load地震效应 seismic disturbance吊车运动 crane movement多层建筑 multi-story building最大正力矩 maximum positive moment第26课：刚架 rigid frame容许应力设计法 allowable stress design塑性理论设计法 plastic design规范 specification标准 criteria极限承载能力 ultimate load capacity无限塑流 unrestrained plastic flow韧性 ductility稳定性 stability弹性分析 elastic analysis塑性分析 plastic analysis弯矩重分布 moment redistribution临界设计弯矩 cristical design moment等截面横梁 rafer of constant section加腋，加托臂 haunch叠加，重合 superposition安全储备 margin of safety破坏形式 failure mode结构性能 structural behavior塑性抗弯强度 plastic bending strength非弹性失稳 inelastic instability在弯曲平面内 in the plane of bending在弯曲平面外 out of the plane of bending横向扭转屈曲 lateral-torsional buckling局部压屈 local buckling侧移 sideswaylesson 27残余的，残留的 residual疲劳（乏），视疲劳 fatigue有关的，相应的 pertinent钢结构构件 structural steel member框架 frames钢材性能 properties of steel规范 specifications容许应力 stress design塑性理论 plastic design concepts 受拉构件 tension member平板组合梁 plate girders受压构件 compression members扭转效应 effect of torsion侧向屈曲 lateral buckling失稳 instability残余应力 residual stress安全系数 factor of safetyLesson 28high-rise buildings 高层建筑scarcity 不足evolves out of 来自于interpretation 理解 解释bulky 庞大的isolated 孤立的integral part 整体的、不可分割的部分multilevel 多层次的versus 对 与比较inhabitant 居住者ecological 生态学的urbanization 城市化migrate 迁移density 密度lightweight steel cage structure 轻质钢架结构congestion 拥挤an organic interaction system 相互制约的有机体interaction交互作用skyscraper 摩天大楼economically feasible 经济合理的zoning regulations 分区规划条例of utmost importance 极度重要visualize 设想dead-end 死胡同lobby 前厅走廊；游说pla