定语从句语法讲解(共5页).docx
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Unit 9语法导学案:定语从句专题讲解一、 基本概念: 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有:that, who, whom, whose, which,as 关系副词有:when, where, why. 二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。定语从句的谓语动词由先行词来决定。三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法关系代词指代在定语从句中的作用that既指人,也指物主语、宾语which指物(相当于that)主语、宾语who指人(相当于that)主语whom指人宾语whose既指人,也指物定语 1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语) 2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那 座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语) 3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) 注意: (1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如: This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。 (2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。 (3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。 (4)关系词只能用that的情况: a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。 b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。 e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。 (5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况: a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如: Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。 c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。五、关系副词的用法(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常有:time, day, morning, night, week, year 等例如:This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。它的先行词常有:place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等。例如:This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。注意:先行词表示地点,不一定都用Where引导定语从句 一般来说,英语学习者的脑海中会形成这样一个概念:在定语从句中,如果先行词是表示地点的名词(如place等),就用关系副词where引导定语从句。这种想法是错误的。如果定语从句不缺少主语或宾语,而是缺少地点状语,便用where来引导;如果定语从句不缺少状语,而是缺少主语或宾语,则要用关系代词(which或that)来引导,以补足定语从句中所缺失的主语或宾语如1.In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. A. where B. when C. which D. what 2.This is the town_I wanted to visit most.A. where B. when C. that D. what3.This is the town _I was born.A. where B. when C. which D. what4.Ive never been to Beijing, but its the place _. A. where Id like to visit B. in which Id like to visit C. I most want to visit D. that I want to visit it most (3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。它的先行词只有reason。例如:Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。1这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构:when = on (in, at, during.)+which;where=in (at, o.) + which;why = for which. 例如:I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived. The office where(=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.练习题I.单项1. -Do you know the man _is talking with your father? -Yes, hes our headmaster. A. he B. who C. which D. whom2. Is this the river _I can swim? A. which B. in which C. that D. the one3. This is the best hotel in the city _I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it4. Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day? A. that you bought B. you bought it C. that you bought it D. which you bought it5. Anyone _with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree6. My watch is not the only thing _ is missing. A. that B. it C. which who7. The man _coat is black is waiting at the gate A. whos B. whose C. that of which.8. The girl _ is reading under the tree _my sister. A. which; is B. whom; was C. who; is D. who; was9. I love places _the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who10. The world _ is made up of matter. A. in that we live B. on which we live C. where we live in D. we live in、用适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom。1. The first thing _you must do is to have a meal.2. April 1st is the day _is called April Fools Day in the west.3. The family _had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.4. The house _we live in is very old.5. Didnt you see the man _I talked with just now?、 根据句意,在横线处填上恰当的关系代词。1. Who drew the picture _ is worth 60,000 yuan?2. The man _ is wearing a blue T-shirt is good at skating. 3. This is a store _ sells all kinds of school things. 4. The woman _ you talked to just now is our English teacher. 5. The town _ we visited last time is much larger than before.6. We saw the tree _ was five hundred years old.7. The computer _ my father bought for me works well. 8. He is the boy _ I saw in front of the library. 专心-专注-专业