动词不定式讲解与练习(共10页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上动词不定式讲与练动词不定式在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语等。一、作主语动词不定式作主语可位于句首。例如：To learn a skill is very important for everyone in today's society.也可使用it作形式主语，而将其置于句末。例如：It is necessary for young students to learn a foreign language.动词不定式作主语的常用句型有：1. It isadj./ n. (for sb.sth.) to do sth.用于此句型的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。例如：It is interesting to play this game. It is necessary for you to change your job. It was impossible for them to complete the task in such a short time.考例1：Is _ possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?A. now B. man C. that D. it用于此句型的名词有：pity, shame, pleasure, ones duty, ones job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。例如：What a pity it is for you to have missed such a wonderful film. It is good manners for the young to give their seats to the old. 2. It isadj.of sb.to do sth. 该句型中只能使用描述某人的品德、特征的形容词，如： kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。例如：How rude it was of the boy to jump the queue! It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house. How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance!3. It takes sb.some timeto do sth. 该句型意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”。例如：It took us half an hour to ride to the town by bike. 二、作表语动词不定式作表语常用于以下结构：My wish/ job/ aim/ goal is及The next step/ measure is 等。例如：Your job is to type the papers in the office. The next measure is to stop the river from being polluted.三、作宾语常见的只能使用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, choose, decide, hope, fail, wish, refuse, expect, manage, plan, intend, pretend, promise, offer, afford, demand, arrange等。 例如：They decided to build a highway between these two cities. She offered to help me when I was in trouble.believe, think, consider, feel, make等动词可用于“动词+ it +adj. / n+to do sth.”句型，其中使用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语动词不定式置于句末。例如：I think it necessary for us to have a good rest after the long work. She felt it her duty to help the old woman.四、作宾补可后接动词不定式作宾补的动词有：advise, allow, ask, hear, order, see, tell, want, wish, watch等。例如：The doctor advised her no to eat too much sugar. I wish you to go to the meeting with me.believe, consider, count, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, prove, realize, suppose, think等动词后可接to be型不定式作宾补。例如：He declared himself to be a college student. 他自称是名大学生。 The police proved him to be a thief. 警察局证实他是小偷。hope, demand, suggest等动词不能后接动词不定式作宾补。例如：【误】I hope my son to be back soon.【正】I hope my son will be back soon.【误】She suggests us to have a discussion about it.【正】She advises us to have a discussion about it.【正】She suggests that we (should) have a discussion about it.在主动结构中，下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应省略to：“五看”(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)“三使”(make, let, have)“两听”(hear, listen to)“一感觉”(feel)。例如：Who made him work all night long? 但是，改为被动结构后，应补出省略的to。例如：He was seen to break the window.五、作定语动词不定式作定语，应位于所修饰词语之后，即：作后置定语。例如：Have you got anything to eat? (to eat修饰anything，位于其后)下列名词后常接动词不定式作定语：ability, attempt, chance, courage, decision, effort, failure, promise, way, wish等。例如：But she gave up the chance to go abroad.由only, first, last, next以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后，也常接不定式作定语。例如：Who was the last one to leave the classroom last night?六、作状语动词不定式作状语，可表示目的、原因、结果或条件。例如：We went there to see our grandparents.（目的） I am very sorry to hear that.（原因） She hurried home only to find her father dead.（结果） To look at the picture, you would like it.（条件）作目的状语，还可以使用in order to或so as to。例如：The boy worked so hard in order to make up for the lost time.结果状语还可以使用enough to, tooto, soas to, such as to等结构。例如：He got up too late to miss the early bus. She was in such a hurry as not to notice me. 她如此匆忙，以致没有注意到我。动词不定式的用法1. 不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：一般式to do 被动式to be done 完成式to have done 完成被动式 to have been done进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing 其否定形式是由not加不定式构成。如：His works are said to have been translated into many languages. 据说他的作品被译成了多种文字。He pretended to be reading when his mother came in. 当他母亲进来时，他假装在看书。His sister told him not to read in the sun. 他的姐姐让他不要在阳光下看书。Mother made him get up early yesterday. 昨天母亲让他起得很早。2. 不定式各种形式的用法动词不定式的一般式表示要做的事，当主语或被修饰词是不定式的动词的动作承受者时，不定式常用被动式；如果其动作发生的时间早于谓语动词所发生的时间，这时不定式就常用完成式；这时，如果主语或被修饰词是不定式动词所表示动作的承受者，则不定式用完成被动式；如果不定式表示一个正在发生的动作，则用进行式。如：He seems to be writing an article. But I dont know what it is about. 他似乎在写一篇文章。但是我不知道是关于什么的。His works are said to have been translated into many languages. 据说他的作品被译成了多种文字。3. 不定式的主动与被动形式一般说来，如果不定式的修饰成分是其动作的发出者，动词不定式用主动形式，如果是其动作的承受者，则用被动式。但是有些情况下要注意：在have something to do中如果主语是动词不定式的动作发出者，则用主动式，如果主语不是动词不定式的动作发出者，则不定式用被动式have something to be done。例如：1. I have a question to ask. 我有个问题要问。 2. I am going to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken? 我明天要去北京，你有东西要带吗?（2）在不定式作定语时，如果句中有其动作发出者用主动形式，在there be句型中也常用不定式的主动形式但是如果强调动作本身，用被动式也可以。例如：1. Give me something to eat, please. 请给我点东西吃。2. There are many plans to make/ to be made. There is nothing to do/to be done.但是：There is nothing to speak of. 不要用to be spoken of There is plenty to eat. 不要用to be eaten.4. 疑问词跟不定式的结构动词不定式可以和疑问词搭配构成不定式短语，在句子中可做主语，宾语，表语。例如：How to solve the problem is a big problem.(做主语)I dont know what to do next step.(做宾语)What made me confused was how to do the work well.(做表语)5. 不定式的语法作用不定式在其内部具有动词特点所以它可以带有自己的修饰语，同时它还具有名词，形容词，副词的性质，所以在句子中可以充当主语，宾语，定语，状语，表语，补足语，插入语。（1）不定式做主语不定式做主语常指比较具体的要做的事情。但总的说来和动名词区别不大。例如：To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek. 爱与被爱是一个人所能寻找的最大幸福。 For one to know everything is difficult. How to get rid of rats and flies is a big problem.动词不定式在做主语时常用it替代，而把动词不定式放到表语或宾语的后面。例如：It is not always easy to tell a lie. It requires a lot of money to build a house. It is impossible for one to know everything. It is unknown to us what to do and where to go.在下列结构中一般用不定式做主语：It is important/essential/necessary to do sth.。而在下列结构中常用动名词做主语: It is no good/no use/ no help doing sth.例如：It is important for us students to learn English well. It is necessary to tell him about that. It is no good doing evil even toward evil people.（2）不定式做宾语动词不定式一般可做及物动词的宾语，动名词也可以做宾语，介词后面常跟动名词做宾语，除了but，except，besides等少数的介词之外。动名词也可以做宾语他们之间的区别在于：不定式表具体，动名词表一般。试比较：I dont like to play basketball today. I dont like playing basketball.但是有些及物动词只能跟动词不定式做宾语，这些动词如下：wish, hope, expect, manage, pretend, plan, decide, determine, fail, intend, promise, long, afford, arrange等等。例如：John decided to marry her. I cannot afford to get sick. They wished to have organized a party. He failed to pass the exam though he tried his best.但是，下列动词则要求必须跟动名词做宾语：advise, suggest, forbid, permit, enjoy, mind, finish, excuse, admit, miss, dislike, cant help(禁不住), cant stand, practice, imagine, resist, resolve等。例如：He had finished doing his homework before his mother came back. I couldnt help laughing at his words. If you want to learn English well, you must practice speaking it as often as possible.有些动词跟不定式和跟动名词表示的时间不一样，如regret, remember, forget。跟不定式表示没有做过的事情；而跟动名词则表示做过的事情。例如：I regret to tell you that you are dismissed. I remember meeting him somewhere before. Dont forget to take your umbrella in case it rains.有些动词跟不定式和动名词表示的意思不同。如stop, mean, try等。例如：After a long walk, he stopped to have a rest. They stopped talking as soon as the teacher came in. I didnt mean to hurt you. The heavy rain means our staying one more day here. Why not try taking a boat to give yourself a change. I tried to persuade him but failed.另外，在动词want, need, require的后面一般跟不定式做宾语，跟单个的动名词则是主动表被动,如果带有的修饰成分较长也可以用不定式的被动式。例如：He wants to see you and tell you something important. The watch needs mending since it cant work properly.动词不定式一般不做介词宾语，但是在but, except, besides, than, instead of, about, save后面可以做介词宾语。例如：He is about to leave the city. We saw no alternative but/except/save to fight. Nothing remains but to wait and see.（3）不定式做状语动词不定式做状语时，一般表示目的，有时表示出乎意料的结果。在形容词的后面时有时表示原因，形容词一般是glad, sorry, proud, angry, ashamed, excited, disappointed, interested等表示感情的词。例如：Im sorry to hear that. 表原因 He is amazed for Mary to receive that letter from a stranger. 表原因 He is happy for his daughter to marry a rich man. 表目的 In order for his son to study abroad, he has been very thrifty for ten years. 表目的 He tried to kill himself only to be saved. 表结果做状语的不定式，可做评注性状语，对整个句子加以评述。例如下面的短语就常做这类状语：To be honest, to speak frankly, to speak generally, to cut a long story short等等（4）不定式做表语不定式做表语，一般都是回答主语（表示物或事情）是什么，有的书上解释成做主语补足语；动名词也有类此的用法，它们之间的区别在于：不定式一般比较具体，带有更多的修饰成分；动名词较抽象，一般带有的修饰成分少。分词做表语多是说明主语所处的状态, 特点, 性质,等等。例如：My purpose is to help him. His plan was to set up a big company. His hope is for every student to work eight hours a day. What impressed him most was to see the great changes that had happened there. 给他印象最深的是看到那里所发生的巨大变化。不定式做表语 The mountain is covered with snow all around the year. 山上终年覆盖着雪。过去分词做表语比较：The glass is broken. 那个玻璃杯坏了。 The glass was broken by him. 那个玻璃杯是他打坏的。 To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。不定式或动名词做表语。 My advice is for you to apologize to her. 我的建议是你向他道歉。不定式做表语。 The story he told us is very interesting. 他给我们讲的故事很有趣。在seem，appear，prove等系动词的后面表示状态。例如：He seems to know it. He appears to be jobless. The method proved to be effective.be to do可表示将来计划好安排好的事情，可表示上级对下级的吩咐，要求，命令，也可以表示命中注定要发生的事情。例如：You are to die at eighty-two. （上天安排。） One is to struggle for ones living. （自然安排） You are to be back by ten oclock. （吩咐） Nobody is to say such a thing. （禁令） If you are to study in Europe, you must learn about a foreign language.（5）不定式做补足语不定式做补足语常表示经常发生，反复发生的动作，也可以表示瞬间完成的动作；现在分词做补足语表示正在发生的事情，或表示一个过程；过去分词表示被动，多数表示完成，但有些没有完成意思。例如：He saw him come in. 我看见他进来了。比较：I saw him coming in. 我看见他正走进来。 I often see him play on the playground. I just saw him playing on the playground. They had the light burning all the night. 他们让灯整夜的亮着。 She will have her hair cut this afternoon. 她今天下午去理发。动词want，order的后面有跟动词不定式的被动式表示被动，表示要做事情。例如：They dont want the land to be built. 他们不想让土地用于建筑。 The emperor ordered all the walls to be joined up. 皇帝命令把所有的城墙都连接起来。在下列动词的后面不定式做宾补时，需要省略to：feel, hear, listen to, let, have, make, look at, see, watch, notice, observe, help等，但是变成被动语态时，省略的to必须加上。例如：I will have him do it for me. He watched the painter paint the door. I felt the house shake. Let him come at seven. I was made to get up early yesterday. The house was felt to shake.（6）不定式做定语不定式做定语时，放在被修饰词的后面，常表示要做的事情，带有很强的目的性，如果句中有其动作的发出者常用主动式，强调要做也可以用被动式，如果没有其动作的发出者，则常用被动式。例如：He has a lot of things to do. The manager told the secretary he had a report to be typed. （从句中） An attempt to climb the mountain will be made. The order for the army to start was given. He needs love to strength his broken heart. There is no need to set up at once.有关不定式的练习题:1. He is said to _ to his country because a new president comes into power.A. be allowed to return B. allow to return C. allow returning D. be allowed returning2. He spoke in such a high voice _ at the further end of the room.A. as to be heard B. to be heard C. as to hear D. to hear3. - Why was the official meeting called? - _ new officers.A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. To have select4. In Australia, he made a lot of friends _ a practical knowledge of the English language.A. to get B. get C. getting D. got5. To play fair is as important as _ .A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well6. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A. having met B. eating C. to meet D. to have met7. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle.A. ride, ride B. riding, ride C. ride, to ride D. to ride, riding8. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _ .A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to9. - Do you work in the lab every afternoon? - No, but sometimes, I wish I _ .A. had time to B. had time to do C. have time to D. have time10. Ill do whatever I can _ my English.A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving11. Could you tell me the way youve thought of _ ?A. to do it B. doing it C. do it D. has to do it12. He was often listened _ in the next room.A. sing B. sung C. to to sing D. to singing13. Would you be _ shut the window?A. enough kind to B. kind enough not to C. kind enough to D. so kind enough as to14. Dont take the medicine, it cant help _ rid of your cold.A. getting B. to get C. to getting D. gets15. My grandmother seems to have a lot _ .A. worry about B. to worry C. to be worried D. to worry about16. Every minute is made full _ of _ our lessons.A. to use, study B. use, studying C. useful, to study D. use, to study17. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone18. You shouldnt allow _ games near the classroom, for its too noisy.A. student playing B. play C. students to play D. to play19. The waiter was made _ to the guest.A. apologize B. apologizing C. to apologize D. to be apologizing20. Whom would you rather _ the work?A. to have to do B. to have do C. have to do D. have do21. I had meant _ on you, but I was so busy.A. call B. to call C. calling D. be calling22. - Do you often have someone_ your clothes? - Yes, I often have them _ .A. wash, to wash B. to wash, washed C. washed, wash D. wash, washed23. She actually heard about it, but he pretended_ .A. to hear not B. not hearing C. to not hear D. not to24. Pieces of bamboo or wood _ books between 2nd and 5th century AD.A. used to formed B. used to form C. were used to form D. used to be forming25. -Why did you move the table over there? - _ the new sofa?A. Share room with B. To make room for C. Given room for D. Saving room for26. A middle-aged woman came _ to the bus stop only _ the bus had gone.A. to run, finding B. running, to find C. and ran, found D. running, find27. To know what is good and _ are two different things.A. knowing what is wrong B. do what is rightC. to do what is right D. doing what is right28. Smith appears _ a long time. He is impatient for my arrival.A. to wait B. to be waiting C. to have waited D. to have been waiting29. Our professor has just come back from aboard. He seems _ his tri
