初中英语词性分类用法变化(共8页).docx

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上教学标题重点语法巩固教学目标掌握和运用重点语法知识教学重难点语法以及实践练习题一、词性的分类1.名词 noun     n. student学生boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2.代词 pronoun pron. you 你who, she, it3.形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的good, right, white, orange4.副词 adverb adv. quickly迅速地very, often, quietly, slowly5.动词 verb v. cut 砍、割am, is, are, have, see6.数词 numeral num. one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth7.冠词 article art. a 一个an, the8.介词 preposition prep. at 在. in, on, from, above, behind.9.连词 conjunction conj. and 和but, before .二、名词可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .1、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1）名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加s。如：map maps, boy boys, horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.2）不规则变化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 2、 名词所有格：1） 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。 2）(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐的书) (2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节) (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息),Chinas population(中国的人口). (4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).3） s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所) 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室) “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)即时训练写出下列名词的复数形式：box _ wife _ child_ city_ dress _Englishman _match _ Chinese _ zoo _ exam_ German _1. The commander said that two_ would be sent to the Iraqi front the next day. A. womens doctor B. women doctors C. womens doctors D. women doctor2. “Look! The police _ here to keep order! Go away quickly,” he shouted.A. is coming B. comes C. are coming D. has come3. She could not speak English, but made her wishes known by means of _.A. signs B. sighs C. movements D. words4. In my opinion, what he told us just now about the affair simply doesnt make any _. A. idea B. meaning C. sense D. point5. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _.A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire6. _ food is kept in his new cave, but at last Saddam was still arrested.A. Large quantities of B. A great deal of C. A large number of D. Quite a few7. Lets try operating the machine right now.Wait. Better read the _first.A. instructions B. explanations C. information D. introduction8.The rest of the magazines_ within half an hour.A. is sold out B. was sold out C. were sold out D. are sold out9. Youd have more _of catching the train if you took a bus to the station instead of walking.A. opportunity B. chance C. time D. energy10.The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses_ much if people leave things_ they are.A. doesnt change; as B. arent changed; like C. dont change; like D. dont change; as11. I knew I shouldnt accept anything from such a person, but I found it difficult to turn down his _.A. offer B. suggestion C. request D. plan12._it is to gather with President Bush at such a special Thanksgiving Day in Iraq!A. what a fun B. what fun C. how fun D. what joy13. Oh., John_ you gave us!A. How a great surprise B. how pleasant surpriseC. what a pleasant surprise D. what pleasant surprise14 He is_ as a leader but he hasnt_ in teaching.A. success; many experiences B. a success; much experienceC. great success; an experience D. a great success; a lot of experiences15 Who did you spend last weekend with?_. A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers三、冠词 不定冠词a / an 用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。(1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。)(2) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)(4) 表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)(5) 几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。 定冠词the 定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)(2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)(3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)(5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)(6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)(7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)(9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)(12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。 一些不用冠词的情况：(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水) (2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)(3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)(5) 三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)(6) 节、假日前一般不用。如：On Childrens Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)(7) 球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)(8) 一些习惯用语中不用。如：at school； in / after class;；in bed； at / from home；at / for / to breakfast/lunch； at night/noon/midnight；on foot;；go to school/bed；in hospital；on time; at first/last/once； in Chinese/English, etc.; 四、数词 1、基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词。123456789101112onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13141516171819thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen2030405060708090100twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetyone(a) hundred2335101twenty-threethirty-fiveone hundred and one1000one(a) thousand, one million, 108one hundred and eight, 146one hundred and forty-six, 500five hundred , 1001one thousand and one, 1813one thousand eight hundred and thirteen. 2、序数词：表示顺序的数词叫序数词。1） 英语的序数词基本变法： (1) 一般在基数词后加th, (2)-ve结尾的改为-fth (3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth, (4)熟记特殊词。1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12thfirstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth13th14th15th16th17th18th19ththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenth21st22nd23rd35th101sttwenty-firsttwenty-secondtwenty-thirdthirty-fifthone hundred and first1000thone thousandth, th one millionth., 第703the seven hundred and third, 第5480the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.2） (1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如：thirty-sixth, (2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the. 如：Im in the third grade.(3) 序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如：1/5one fifth ; 2/3 two thirds ; 4/7 four sevenths ; 1/2 a half ; 1/4a quarter ; 3/4 three quarters ;50% fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).4、数词的用法：1、表示年份：2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.2、表示日期： 12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December；2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.3、表示时刻： 5：15 five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8：30 eight thirty或half past eight ; 10：45 ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.4、表示编号：Room 105Room one 0 five; Bus No.13Bus Number Thirteen; P.5Page Five; Tel.No.Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine5、小数的读法：5.7 five point seven, 0.16 zero point one six.6、“半”的表达： 1/2half, 半小时half an hour, 1.5小时one and a half hours或one hour and a half. 7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗？)五、形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级1、规则变化: (1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。a)直接加er,est ：b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est：c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est： (2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more / most.2、不规则变化:原级比较级最高级good好的better更好的best最好的well好；(身体)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身体)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身体)最不舒服的ill(身体)不舒服的many许多的(可数)more更多的；更most最多的；最much许多的(不可数)；非常little少的less更少的least最少的far远的；远地farther更远的；更远地farthest最远的；最远地further进一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地) 3、关于比较等级的重要注释：1）“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。如：The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越来越温暖了)2）“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越就越”。如：The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好)/ The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,进步就越大)3）6、“one of the +最高级+名词(复数)”整个短语为单数含义,谓语要用单数形式。如：One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一场大火中被烧毁了)六、介词1、介词的主要用法：介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：out of(从中出来), because of(因为), away from(距离), on top of(在顶上), ever since(自从), next to(在隔壁), according to(根据), in front of(在前方)等。2、介词的分类表： (见下表) 地点(位置、范围)介词：above在前, about在附近, across在对面, after在后面, against倚着., along在近旁, among在中间, around在周围, round在.周围, at在处, before在.前, behind在.后, below低于., beside在.旁边, between在.之间, by在.旁, down在.下面, from来自., in在.里面, inside在.里面, near靠近., of在.之中, on在.上面, out of在.之外, outside在.外面, over在.上方, under在.下方, up在.上面, on top of在.顶部, in front of在.前, close to靠近., in the middle of在.的中间, at the end of在.的末端,等等。 方向(目标趋向)介词：across横越., against对抗., along沿着., around绕着., round环绕., at朝着., behind向后面, etweenand从到.,by路过/通过., down向下, for向., from从/离., in进入., into进入., inside到.里面, near接近., off脱离/除., on向.上, out of向.外, outside向.外, over跨过., past经过/超过., through穿过., to向/朝., towards朝着., on to到.上面, onto到.上面, up向.上, away from远离. 时间介词：about大约., after在以后, at在 (时刻), before在以前, by到为止, during在期间, for有(之久), from从(时)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了(时), since自从(至今), through 贯穿(期间), till直到时, until直到时, to到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning of在.开始时 ,at the end of在.末 , in the middle of在.当中 ,at the time of在.时 方式介词：as作为/当作., by用/由/乘坐/被., in用(语言), like与一样, on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), over通过(收音机), through通过., with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有 涉及介词: about关于., except除了, besides除了还. for对于/就而言, in在(方面), of的,有关., on关于/有关., to对而言, towards针对., with就而言 3、记住一些固定词组：arrive at/in(到达),on foot(步行),notat all(根本不),to the north of(在以北),in the east of(在的东部),in the night(在夜间),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕),be full of(充满/ 装满.),be filled with(充满/ 装满.),be good/bad for(对有益/有害),be made of(由做成),be made from(由制造),play with(玩耍),look out of(朝外面看),at the end of(在末梢/结束时),by the end of(不迟于/到末为止),with the help of或with ones help(在的帮助下),look after(照料),look for(寻找),on a bike(=by bike)骑车, help sb. with(帮某人做),get on (well) with(与某人相处融洽),等等。(   )1._ the afternoon of May, we visited the old man. A. On   B. At     C. In(   )2.Many people work _ the day and sleep _ night. A. on ; at  B. in ; in  C. in ; at(   )3.He speaks Japanese best _ the boy students.A. between  B. with  C. among(   )4.A wolf _ a sheep skin is our dangerous enemy.A. with     B. in    C. on(   )5.Joan hopes to come back _ three days.A. after      B. for      C. in专心-专注-专业