小学英语语法知识点总(共18页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上小学英语语法知识点总结:可数名词和不可数名词一、不可数名词的概念1. 一般来说,不可数名词主要是以物质名词与抽象名词为主。它们通常没有复数形式,也不能与a ,an 连用。在表示“一”或“几”的数量概念时,不可数名词必须与相应的量词连用。如果时表示复数的数量关系时,则把量词变化,不可数名词不变。修饰不可数名词的数量词语有:some, any, much, a lot of, a little等。例如:a box of milk 一盒牛奶some water 一些水much food 大量的食物 a little time 一点时间2. some 与any 词语辨析some与any都表示“一些”,但它们的用法不同。some用在肯定句中。而any用在否定句与一般疑问句中。同学们要特别注意的是:some还可以用在客气请求的一般疑问句中。例子:I have some beautiful stamps.(肯定句I dont have any beautiful stamps.(否定句Do you have any beautiful stamps?(一般疑问句A: Can I have any some bananas?B: Sure.(客气请求的一般疑问句3. many ,a lot of ,much 词语辨析many ,a lot of ,much ,这三个词都是表示“许多”。many是用来修饰可数名词, much用来修饰不可数名词,a lot of则用来修饰可数与不可数名词。例子:Peter has many friend .(可数名词的前面Peter has much food for his birthday party. (不可数名词的前面Peter has a lot of friend. (可数名词的前面Peter has a lot of food for his birthday party. (不可数名词的前面二、不可数名词的归类1、表示液体:water, juice, milk, lemonade, coffee, coke, ink2、表示自然现象:snow, rain, ice3、表示食品类:rice, jam, honey, meat, bread, mutton, beef, tofu, eggplant, pork, chicken, fish, food4、其它类:newspaper, news, homework, housework三、名词可数不可数“六注意”1、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如:desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:some bread,a little milk等。2、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an,表示特指时,前面要用定冠词the; 而不可数名词前不能用a(an修饰,表示特指时,前面一定要用定冠词the。如: He is a factory worker. 他是一名工人。No one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。3、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰,表示"一些,许多"。如:There are some oranges on the desk. 桌子上有一些桔子。There is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶里有许多水。4、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:two apples, four books等。不可数名词前通常用"单位词+of"来表示数量。如:a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。5、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如:This picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美。不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数"单位词"时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:There are two cups of tea on the table. 桌上有两杯茶。6、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many; 对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。如:How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果?How much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水?注意:对不可数名词前的"单位词"的修饰语提问时,疑问词用how many。如:How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包?小学英语语法知识点总结:名词变复数变化规则1、一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books,bag-bags,cat-cats,bed-beds2、以s、x、sh、ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes, watch-watches3、以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:family-families,strawberry-strawberries4、以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v,再加-es,如:knife-knives5.不规则名词复数:man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,mouse-mice child-children foot-feet,、tooth-teeth fish-fish,people-people,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese6、不可数名词(单复数形式不变bread, rice, water ,juice etc.小学英语语法知识点总结:名词所有格1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:(1表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如:Childerns Day(儿童节, my sisters book(我姐姐的书(2 在以s结尾的名词(包括以s结尾的复数名词后面,只加'。如:TeachersDay(教师节 .如果复数名词不是以s结尾的,末尾也要加's。例如Children's Day:(3有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如:todays newspaper(今天的报纸, ten minutesbreak(十分钟的课间休息(4 无生命的东西的名词,一般可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:A key of the door2、注解:s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunts(我阿姨家, the doctors(诊所表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时,须在各个名词后加's;如:Lucy s and Lilys bedroom 如果一个东西为两个人或者两个以上的人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后面加's,如:Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室.“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友, a friend of mine(我的一位朋友小学英语语法知识点总结:冠词一、冠词分类及读法:英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词the ,不定冠词a/an二、不定冠词a / an的用法:不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。A.不定冠词的基本用法:(1 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。(2 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。(2 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。 (4 表示“一”这个数量。如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。(5 几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点, a little(一点, a few(几个, a lot (许多, a kind of(一种, a pair of(一副、一双, a number of(大量的, a piece of (一张、一片, half an hour(半小时, have a good time(玩得开心, have a cold(感冒, make a noise(发出嘈杂声, have/takea (rest等(休息一会儿,等等。3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。B.定冠词的基本用法:(1 表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克(2 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。(3 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。(4 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。(5 用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地区将会刮大风。(6 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去? / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近(7 常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴(8 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山(9 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国(10用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山(11same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样(12几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时,make the bed(铺床,in the end(最后,all the time(一直,by the way(顺便说一下,on the way(在路上等等。C、一些不用冠词的情况:(1 专有名词和(第一次使用一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国 / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水(2 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了(3 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一 / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树(4 (第一次使用复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明(5 三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭(6 节、假日前一般不用。如:On Childrens Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物(7 球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球(8 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at Peoples Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院(9 一些习惯用语中不用。如at school; at home; on foot; go to school 等小学英语语法知识点总结:数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词1基数词写法和读法:325 three hundred and twenty-five;2基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scores of people 指许多人;b. 在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里;如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。c. 表示“几十岁”;d. 表示“年代”,用in +the +数词复数;e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (arefifteen.二、序数词序数词的缩写形式:first1st second2nd thirty-first31st三、数词的用法1倍数表示法a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数+ as + adj. + asI have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数+ the size (amount,lengthofThe earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数+ 形容词(副词比较级+ thanThe grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。2分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:1/3 one-third ;3/37 three thirty-sevenths.小学英语语法知识点总结:代词A、人称代词和物主代词1、人称代词主格和宾格的区别:主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前(有时候位于than 之后,宾格一般位于动词或介词之后。2、物主代词形容词性与名词性的区别:形容词性用时后面一般要带上名词,名词性则单独使用,后面不带名词。人称代词物主代词主格宾格形容词性名词性我 I me 我的my mine你,你们you you 你(们的your yours他he him 他的his his她she her 她的her hers它it it 它的its its我们we us 我们的our ours他们they them 他们的their theirsB、不定代词Some 与Anysome和any都有"一些"的含义,都能修饰可数名词和不可数名词,但some 一般用在肯定句中。如: There are some girls in the classroom.some有时也用于疑问句,表示期望得到肯定回答,并不表示对某事有疑问。如: Can I ask you some questions ?any一般用于疑问句和否定句中。如: Are there any maps on the wall? 墙上有地图吗?There aren't any trees behind the house. 房子后面没有树。小学英语语法知识点总结:介词一、介词的分类地点(位置、范围介词:in 在里面,on在上,in front of 在前方,under 是下方,两者之间用between ,behind 后面藏,next to 在隔壁,near 在附近与一旁,同学们用心记,各种方位用恰当。时间介词:, at在(时刻, in在(上/下午; on在(某日,方式介词:by用/由/乘坐/被., on骑(车/徒(步, with用(材料,用(手/脚/耳/眼,二、某些介词的用法辨析:时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别:表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后, on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间;表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。三、Preposition:on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.表示时间:at six oclock, at Christmas, at breakfaston Monday on 15th July On National Dayin the evening in December in winter小学英语语法知识点总结:形容词形容词的比较级1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little 来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格。2.形容词加er的规则:一般在词尾加er ;如:tall-taller以字母e 结尾,加r ;fine- finer以辅音字母加一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾(除ow结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;如:big-bigger以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。如;happy- happier(5两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more 如:beautiful-more beautiful3.不规则形容词比较级:Good/well-better,bad/ill worse , much /many more , little less, few fewer , far further小学英语语法知识点总结:be动词的用法Be 动词的用法:(1 Am-was Is -was Are-were 口诀:我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它,复数全用are。(2 肯定和否定句I am (not from London. He is(not a teacher. She is(not in the dining room. My hair is(not long. Her eyes are(not small.(3 一般疑问句Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you arent. Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they arent. Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.there be 结构肯定句:There is a There are 一般疑问句:Is there ? Yes, there is./ No, there isnt.Are there? Yes, there are. /No, there arent.否定句:There isnt . There arent.小学英语语法知识点总结:一般现在时一般现在时的功能1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如:The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如:I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。3.表示客观现实。如:The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。一般现在时的构成1. be动词:主语+be(am,is,are+其它。如:I am a boy.我是一个男孩。2.行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它。如:We study English.我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。一般现在时的变化1. be动词的变化。否定句:主语+ be + not +其它。如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。一般疑问句:Be +主语+其它。如:-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:Where is my bike?2.行为动词的变化。否定句:主语+ don't( doesn't +动词原形(+其它。如:I don't like bread.当主语为第三人称单数时,要用doesn't构成否定句。如:He doesn't often play.一般疑问句:Do( Does +主语+动词原形+其它。如:- Do you often play football?- Yes, I do. / No, I don't.当主语为第三人称单数时,要用does构成一般疑问句。如:Does she go to work by bike?- Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:How does your father go to work?小结:通常用时间状语“usually, often, every day, sometimes”。肯定句:I go to school on foot every day.She goes to school on foot every day.一般疑问句:Do you jump high? Yes, I do. / No, I dont.Does he jump high? Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.否定句:We dont go to school on Sundays.My mother doesnt like watching TV in the evening.小学英语语法知识点总结:现在进行时动词加ing的变化规则1.一般情况下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking2.以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting3.如果末尾是辅音字母加一个元音字母和一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing,如: run-running, stop-stopping现在进行时,用来表示正在进行或发生的动作。结构是:be (am, is, are+动词现在分词形式,几种句型:一、陈述句(肯定句主语+be (am, is, are+现在分词,如:I am reading English.我正在读英语。He is writing.他正在写字。You are running.你正在跑步。二、一般疑问句Be(Am, Is, Are+主语+现在分词,如:1. -Are you singing?你正在唱歌吗?-Yes, I am.是的,我在唱歌。(No, I'm not.不,我不在唱歌。2. -Is he (she listening to music?他(她在听音乐吗?-Yes, he (she is.是的,他(她在听音乐。No, he (she isn't.不,他(她不在听音乐。三、特殊疑问句疑问词+be (am, is, are+主语+现在分词,如:1. -What are you doing?你正在干什么?-I am doing my homework.我正在做作业。2. -What is he (she doing?他(她正在干什么?-He (She is riding a bike.他(她正在骑自行车。与现在进行时连用的词:look(看、listen(听、now(现在,Look! Jack is swimming.看!杰克正在游泳。Listen! She is singing.听!她正在唱歌。I am cleaning my room now.现在我正在打扫房间。小学英语语法知识点总结:一般过去时 一般过去时态 ( a ) be 动词的过去式 : I/He/she/it was(not . You/we/they were . 一般疑问句 was, were 放在句首。 ( b ) 动词过去式: 肯定句: I watched cartoons. She visited the zoo. 一般疑问句: Did you read book last night? Yes, I did. No, I didn t. Did she clean the desk just now? Yes, she did. No, she didn t. 否定句: They didn t go the the part yesterday. He didn t make model ships last week. 动词过去式变化规则: 1 一般在动词末尾加 -ed ,如: pull-pulled, cook-cooked 2 结尾是 e 加 d,如: taste-tasted 3 末尾是辅音字母加一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再 加 -ed,如: stop-stopped 4 以“辅音字母 +y ”结尾的,变 y 为 i , 再加 -ed ,如: study-studied 5 不规则动词过去式: am , is-was, are-were , do-did , see-saw, say-said , give-gave , get-got , go-went , come-came , have-had , eat-ate , take-took , run-ran , sing-sang , put-put , make-made , read-read , write-wrote , draw-drew , drink-drank, swim-swam , sit-sat 小学英语语法知识点总结:情态动词 我们现在学过的情态动词有: can, could, will, would, may, must, should, shall 。 情态动词后动词总是用原形。(不受其他任何条件影响) 特征 1 )情态动词( modal verb )本身有词义,表示说话人的语气或情态,但词义不完全,不能 单独用作谓语动词,一般只能和动词原形一起构成谓语动词。 2 )情态动词所表示的情态有:命令、允诺、请求、拒绝、愿望、愿意、义务、必要、可能、 能力、敢于、需要等。 3 )情态动词( ought 除外)和助动词 shall , will , should , would 一样,后面的动词不 定式一般皆不带。 形式变化 1 )没有人称和数的变化,第三人称单数的现在时也无变化。如: I can We can You can You can He They can She can It 2 )有些情态动词有过去式,有少数过去式和它的原形相同。 a )有过去式的情态动词有: may - would can could may night shall - should have to - had to b )过去式不变的情态动词有: must - must (或 had to ) ought to - ought to need-need dare - dare (亦可用 dared ) 3 )大多数情态动词后面可用动词的进行式、完成式和被动形式,如: can ( may , must ) be doing , can ( may , must ) have done , can ( may , must ) be done 等。 否定式 情态动词和助动词一样,后面可直接跟否定词 not 。现将情态动词的否定式及其否定式的简 略式(简略式用于口语中)列举如下: shall not-shan t FB : nt will not-won t wEunt can not-can t kB : nt must not-mustn t 5mQsnt should not- shouldn t would not- wouldn t could not- couldn t dare not- daren t dZEnt need not- needn t 在疑问句中的用法 情态动词在疑问句中的用法和助动词相同。如: May I ask you a question ? 我可以问你一个问题吗? Can you let me use your dictionary for a minute ? 你能把字典借我用一会儿吗? Would you like to visit the heavy machinery plant ? 你想参观重型机器厂吗? 注意 have to 在疑问句中的位置。如: Do you have to go out today ? 你今天一定得出去吗? Does he have to finish the work tomorrow ? 他明天非做完这项工作不可吗? 专心-专注-专业