动词的时态和语态(共17页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1(六) 动词的时态和语态v考点归纳1. 2010届考试手册中注明的需掌握的动词的十种时态:一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时、将来进行时(只作理解要求)，这些时态形式如下:一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在does / dois / am / are doinghas / have donehas / have been doing过去didwas / were doinghad done将来will / shall dowill / shall be doing过去将来would / should do2. 常见时态的常见用途:一般现在时表经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态；表习惯、能力、客观真理、客观存在；常用于某些从句(“主将从现”)；常与always, often, usually等连用；可表瞬间动作；含位置移动含义的动词或表示按时间表将要发生的动作常用它代替一般将来时表该含义(如come, leave等)；特殊地，表示希望(I hope / I bet)或表“务必”含义的句型see (to it), makesure, make certain等的that分句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时表将来现在进行时表正在进行的动作；与now, at present等连用；暗含打算、重复且经常(如某一习惯)、未结束等含义；表示一个现阶段或最近按计划要进行的动作；可代替一般现在时表示说话人的感情；注意有些词一般不用进行时，如wish, know, consist, belong to等现在完成时表结果；表过去发生的该动作对现在有影响；常与since+时间点或for+时间段连用；将现在与过去建立联系；表示延续的动作，瞬间动词(join, be dead等)此时不能使用一般过去时含“过去如此，现在并非如此”之意；常与last year等连用；有时，由于某些如until, before的连接词已表明句中动词发生的先后顺序，故既可用它也可用一般过去时e.g. The train (had) left before I reached the station.过去进行时表过去正在进行的动作；从句中常用于表示两个过去发生的动作同时发生(某些工具书中将其说做“为另一动作提供背景”，有些句子含有突然发生之意)过去完成时需以过去某一时间为前提；与一般过去时连用强调动作的时间先后顺序；表 意愿动词用该时态表示愿望未实现一般将来时表将来；常与tomorrow等连用；be going to表示打算、预测；be to do表示按计划要发生，有时也表示命令；常见于祈使句、the morethe more等句型过去将来时(would do)表示过去时间后的动作；多见于间接引语现在完成进行时表动作从过去一直持续到当前，是否继续下去未知；有时带有感情色彩将来进行时表将来按计划进行的动作3. 时态的关系: 常用时间轴表示两时态间的先后问题，便于解题4. 动词的语态: 主动与被动；表被动时动词的基本形式是be done；一般在动作执行者不明确、不重要等情况下，或出于行文流畅的需要，会运用被动语态；被动语态的形式如下:一般时态进行时态完成时态现在is / are doneis / am / are being donehas / have been done过去was / were donewas / were being donehad been done将来shall / will be done过去将来should / would be done说明:被动语态不用于将来进行时态和各完成进行时态5. 不及物动词(vi.)没有被动语态(如take place, happen等)；当相互代词(each other等)或反身代词为动词宾语时，句子不能被转换成被动语态；许多词组无被动语态，如consist of, belong to6. 被动常用句式: it is reported that / get sth. done等被动句型的转换: 注意转换过程中，that分句中的谓语动词表将来时则II句型(Type II)变为to be doing，如谓语动词表示过去时间或现在完成时，则II句型变为to have done2起来某些vi. + 某些adv.cant / wont + 某些vi.7. 一些“主动表被动”的固定搭配:The thing proved true. / The food smells nice. / The book sells well. / My car cant move. / It writes smoothly. 对于第三个例子的这类动词，有多种不同的理解。常见工具书将其定义成如下两种类型: 多数既可作vt. 又可作vi. 的动词，若动作发出者(施动者)无需强调(不强调被动)或已明确时多用主动，如If the situation at home doesnt improve, Ill have to move out. 对于既可作 vt. 又可作 vi. 的动词，若句子主语(物居多)具有内在特征，能够促使动词动作得以实现或难以实现时，常用主动表被动；综上所述，试比较: 同理，以下句子中:The sentences read clearly. 针对sentences，指句子没有歧义The sentences are read clearly. 针对人，指读的人读得好The vase breaks easily. 针对vase，指花瓶的属性为易碎The vase is broken by Peter. 针对人，指客观事实，人将花瓶打碎8. 如open, close, shut, lock等表属性的动词一般用主动表示被动；不定式to blame作表语时用主动表示被动；be + a. + to do结构，如形容词为难易形容词(或称为表属性的形容词)，多用主动表示被动；若不定式的逻辑主语为句子主语，用主动表示被动；某些形容词结构(如too to / enough to do)，此时多用主动表示被动；be worth等特殊结构用主动表示被动9. need / want / require表“需要”，deserve表“值得”等动词用主动表示被动；结构为need / want / require / deserve + doing / to be done10. 注意翻译中汉语与英语的被动结构的互译:汉语不出现主语(昨天抓到一个特务。)Û英语被动(A spy was caught yesterday.)汉语主动表被动(这种料子很好销售。)Û英语主动(This kind of material sells well.)汉语主动表被动(图书馆将提前竣工。)Û英语被动(The new library will be completedahead of time.)11. 注意某些不带to的不定式在被动语态时需还原tov考前巩固I.Put in the appropriate form of the given verbs.1. I _ (wash) my clothes when the bell _ (ring).2. We _ (make) a trip to the West Lake as soon as the work _ (finish).3. “_ you _ (buy) the dictionary?” “No, I havent. When I _ (get) to the bookstore yesterday, all the dictionaries _ already _ (sell) out.”4. Tom, your aunt _ (come) this afternoon.5. The teacher said that the earth _ (move) round the sun.6. It _ (get) dark. What about _ (go) home at once?7. Use your head and you _ (find) a better way.8. Look! Someone _ (lie).9. See that you _ (be) ready at 8.10. My sister _ (live) at home for the moment.11. Dont talk to me. I _ (try) to learn this page by heart.12. Come quickly, I _ (smell) burning.13. This is the third time you _ (be) here. What exactly you _ (come) for now?II. Rewrite the following sentences by using “Type I” and “Type II”.1. People think that he is coming.2. We know that you were in town on the night of the crime.3. There is a report that unidentified flying objects were seen over New Jersey last night.3系动词系动词4. People know him to be a good teacher.5. We understand that she was the best singer that Australia has ever produced.III.Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. Pay attention to the tense (时), aspect (体，即进行体、完成体) and voice (态，即主动态、被动态).1. 到下周末，我在这儿就整整一年了。(By)2. 下星期你从陕西省回来，讨论会已经结束。(when)3. 上星期他每天都来看我。(see)4. 一有消息我就给你打电话。(directly)5. 有人建议会议推迟到下周四举行。(suggest)6. 不久以后一些药品的价格将再一次下调。(before)7. 应当鼓励学生用多种方法解决同一问题。(encourage)8. 各个地区采取了措施，使未能回家的人一起过了个快乐年。(so that)9. 这对夫妇眼下盼望着去欧洲旅行。(look)10. 网球运动在上海越来越流行了。(popular)11. 这本杂志花了我30多元。(cost)12. 据说，中国人比西方人更早使用纸币。(It)IV. Choose the best answer. 1. By the end of last term, he had written to a number of colleges, received three letters of acceptance, and _ two campuses.A. sawB. seenC. seeingD. have seen2. He decided to go to the museum as soon as he _.A. finishes what he didB. would finish what he was doingC. finished what he didD. finished what he was doing3. While Mary _ a pail of milk from the barn to the kitchen, she spilled some of it on her skirt.A. carriedB. had carriedC. was carryingD. had to carry4. According to the timetable, the aeroplane for San Francisco _ at eight oclock in the morning.A. will leaveB. is going to leaveC. has leftD. leaves5. Ms. Green _ in town for only one year, yet she seems to be acquainted with everyone who comes to the store.A. has been livingB. had been livingC. livedD. lives6. Dont tell him anything about me when you _ with him tomorrow.A. are talkingB. will talkC. will be talkedD. would talk7. The Olympic Games, first celebrated in Athens in 1896, _ every four years so far this century, except during the two world wars.A. are taken placeB. were heldC. had been heldD. have been held8. A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rain _.A. will comeB. is going to comeC. comesD. have come9. None of us understood how he _ to pass the exam.A. can manageB. has managedC. had managedD. manage10. You see, we _ for parents all morning yesterday, but nobody came.A. were waitingB. had waitedC. waitedD. had been waiting11. She _ her consciousness when the rescuers found her in the snow and saved her just in time.A. was losingB. had lostC. lostD. had been losing12. By the end of the 19th century, Shanghai _ a small town on the Huangpu River.A. had remainedB. was remainedC. was remainingD. remained13. The advantages of computerized typing and editing _ to all the written languages of the world.4A. are now being extendedB. have now been extendedC. will extendD. is now extended14. He _ the army by the end of 1992. He _ in the army since then.A. joinedisB. has joinedhas beenC. had joinedisD. had joinedhas been15. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power _ increased enormously ever since.A. isB. wasC. has beenD. had been16. Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _ it this morning.A. didB. has doneC. was doingD. had done17. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storms.A. was calledB. is calledC. had been calledD. has been called18. How are you today? Oh, I _ as ill as I do now for a very long time.A. didnt feelB. wasnt feelingC. dont feelD. havent felt19. The reporter said that the UFO _ east to west when he saw it.A. was travellingB. travelledC. had been travellingD. was to travel20. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.A. is changingB. has changedC. will changeD. would change21. I _ ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year.A. will playB. have playedC. playedD. play22. According to the art dealer, the painting _ to go for at least a million dollars.A. is expectedB. expectsC. expectedD. is expecting23. The little girl _ her heart out because she _ her toy bear and believed she wasnt ever going to find it.A. had criedlostB. criedhad lostC. has criedhas lostD. crieshas lost24. John and I _ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _ each other a couple of times before that.A. had beenhave seenB. have beenhave seenC. had beenhad seenD. have beenhad seen25. Sorry, Joe, I didnt mean to Dont call me “Joe”. Im Mr. Parker to you, and _ you forget it!A. doB. didntC. didD. dont26. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness _.A. has grownB. is growingC. grewD. had grown27. How long _ David and Vicky _ married? For about three years.A. werebeingB. havegotC. havebeenD. didget28. The news came as no surprise to me. I _ for some time that the factory was going to shut down.A. had knownB. knewC. have knownD. know29. Come and see me whenever _.A. you are convenientB. you will be convenientC. it is convenient to youD. it will be convenient30. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he _ her somewhere.A. sawB. has seenC. seesD. had seen31. George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding? No, I _. Did they have a big wedding?A. was not invitedB. havent been invitedC. hadnt been invitedD. didnt invite532. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _ to eat more fruit and vegetables.A. persuadeB. will persuadeC. be persuadedD. are persuaded33. Lets keep to the point or we _ any decisions.A. will never reachB. have never reachedC. never reachD. never reached34. I _ you not to move my dictionary now I cant find it.A. askedB. askC. was askingD. had asked35. Tim, who got married last week, spent $3, 000 more than he _ for the wedding.A. will planB. has plannedC. would planD. had planned36. Although the causes of cancer _, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it.A. are being uncoveredB. have been uncoveringC. are uncoveringD. have uncovered37. You _ television. Why not do something more active?A. always watchB. are always watchingC. have always watchedD. have always been watching38. In my opinion, all Mr. White _ good to his students in his class at present. He is very strict in their study.A. does does doesB. does do doC. does does doD. did do does39. Have you seen Oliver recently? Yes, in fact I saw him this morning. I _ him for two years.A. didnt seeB. havent seenC. hadnt seenD. dont see40. Oil, exported from Iran to Europe, _ by tankers.A. used to be transportedB. used to being transportedC. was used to be transportedD. was used to being transported41. He asked me if these islands _ to Cambodia.A. had belongedB. belongsC. belongD. have been belonged42. The Bible _ that money _ the root of all evil.A. saysisB. saidisC. had saidhas beenD. saidwas43. Though I _ the directions, I _ to get the DVD working.A. had readfailedB. readhad failedC. had readhad failedD. readfailed44. It _ not many months since I _ in the city.A. isarrivedB. washad arrivedC. has beenhave arrivedD. had been arrivedv模拟演练1. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets _ out.(09秋)A. would sellB. had soldC. have soldD. was selling2. During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _ not to touch any unattended the bag.(09秋)A. had always been warnedB. were always being warnedC. are always warningD. always warned3. We _ do our project day and night in the past two weeks.(10春)A. had workedB. have workedC. will be workingD. are working4. The employees _ that they should renew their contracts within a week.(10春)A. adviseB. have advisedC. are advisedD. had been advised5. Every few years, the coal workers _ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.(10秋)A. are havingB. haveC. have hadD. had had6. The church tower which _ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.(10秋)6A. has restoredB. has been restoredC. is restoringD. is being restored7. Im sure you will do better in the test because you _ so hard this year.(11春)A. studiedB. had studiedC. will studyD. have been studying8. A lot of people often forget that oral exams _ to test communicative ability.(11春)A. designB. are designedC. are designingD. are being designed9. Although medical science _ the control of several dangerous disease, what worries us is that some of them are returning.(09市调研)A. achievedB. has achievedC. will achieveD. had achieved10. After the shocking news of his death spread online, the rest of the magazines _ within half an hour.(09市调研)A. had sold outB. have sold outC. was sold outD. were sold out11. Because the farmland _ quickly, the government is considering starting a program to solve the problem.(10奉贤-1)A. is being lostB. is lostC. is losingD. loses12. I called Alice many times yesterday evening, but I couldnt get through. Her brother _ on the phone all the time!(10普陀-1)A. was talkingB. has been talkingC. has talkedD. talked13. The day we had been looking forward to _ at last.(10普陀-1)A. comeB. cameC. comingD. be coming14. The manager as well as the staff _ chatting cheerfully during the tea break when the boss came in.(10普陀-1)A. wereB. have beenC. wasD. has been15. Before the hurricane approached the town, the residents _ to stay at home or reduce outdoor activities.(10闵行-1)A. were warningB. have warnedC. warnedD. had been warned16. Many college students register at driving schools during the summer vacation, saying that getting a license _ them an advantage in the job market.(10闵行-1)A. givesB. will giveC. has givenD. had given17. It is said that no attention _ other possibilities at the meeting the day before yesterday.(10卢湾-1)A. was paid toB. paid toC. had been paid toD. had paid to18. You havent said a word about my new car, Michelle. Do you like it? Im sorry I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its comfortable