主要荧光素一览表(共5页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上(1)荧光素类 Fluorescein标准荧光素(Reference standard)之一,在其基础上进行结构改造,可产生一系列荧光素衍生物。Fluorescein适用于Argon-ion Laser的488nm光谱线,有相对高的荧光吸收,较好的荧光产率以及良好的水溶性。标记蛋白时通常不会产生蛋白沉淀。与其他荧光素类衍生物一样,Fluorescein具有光淬灭率高,pH敏感性强与发射波谱宽的缺点。主要应用于聚焦激光扫描微阵列(Confocal laser scanning microscopy)和流式细胞计应用(Flow cytometry)。FITC异硫氰酸荧光素,Fluorescein isothiocyanate,是荧光素衍生物的一种,5-FITC较6-FITC更经常使用。FITC的异硫氰酸基能与氨基反应,可用于标记氨基修饰DNA,一旦形成,产物极为稳定。适用于Argon-ion Laser的488nm光谱线,Abs/Em=492/519nm(pH=9.0)。与蛋白的结合力也强。FITC具有荧光素衍生物的普遍特性。在水中易变坏,不能长久保存。FITC-Oligo 广泛用于杂交探针;FITC-多肽用于Edman降解蛋白测序;FITC也经常被用于蛋白电泳检测(即使是毛细管电泳)和荧光能量激发转移测试。FAM羧基荧光素,Carboxyfluorescein,是荧光素衍生物的一种,5-FAM较6-FAM更经常使用。Carboxyfluorescein-5-succimidyl ester,即5-FAM(NHS)广泛存在于荧光标记试剂盒。与FITC相比,FAM与氨基反应更快,产物也更稳定,但FITC结合蛋白的量更大且进程更易于控制。FAM也适用于Argon-ion Laser的488nm光谱线,Abs/Em=492/518nm(pH=9.0),具有荧光素衍生物的普遍特性,在水中稳定。5-FAM主要应用于DNA自动测序中,标记其中的d/ddCTP(PE公司),也经常用于PCR产物定量,核酸探针等。TET四氯荧光素,Tetrachloro fluorescein,是荧光素衍生物的一种。TET以及HEX均是在FAM基础上加以改进的,氯原子使FAM的Abs与Em值都产生一定的红移,并在一定程度上减弱了pH敏感性。TET也适用于Argon-ion Laser激发光源,Abs/Em=521/536nm 。TET,HEX,FAM和TAMRA可配合用于DNA自动测序中,其中TET用于标记d/ddATP,HEX用于标记d/ddGTP或d/ddATP(PE公司)HEX六氯荧光素,Hexachloro fluorescein,是荧光素衍生物的一种。适用于Argon-ion Laser激发光源,Abs/Em=535/556nm。(请参见TET介绍)JOE羧基-4',5'-二氯-2',7'-二甲氧基荧光素,Carboxy-4',5'-dichloro-2',7'-dimethoxyfluorescein,是荧光素衍生物的一种,6-JOE更被广泛使用。JOE荧光产量高,pH敏感性弱,适合于标记蛋白。6-JOE也适合于Argon-ion Laser激发光源,Abs/Em=520/548(pH=9.0)常用于DNA自动测序,标记d/ddATP,也经常被用于进行电泳检测与PCR产物定量。(2)罗丹明类(Rhodamine dye) R 110标准荧光素(Reference standard)之一,在其基础上进行结构改造,即可产生一系列罗丹明类衍生物。与Fluorescein类衍生物相比,罗丹明类荧光素具有更强的光稳定性,更高的荧光产量以及更低的pH敏感性罗丹明类荧光素极为适合于标记寡核甘酸,但蛋白会引起大多数罗丹明类荧光素的荧光淬灭,故大多数不适宜用于标记蛋白。R110被用于DNA自动测序。TAMRA全称羧基四甲基罗丹明,即Carboxytetramethylrhodamine,是罗丹明类荧光素衍生物,6- TAMRA被广泛使用。TAMRA是少数几个能用于标记蛋白的,6- TAMRA适用于Argon-ion Laser激发光源,Abs/Em=547/573nm(Ph=8.0),6-TAMRA(NHS)常用于荧光标记试剂盒中。6- TAMRA主要用于DNA自动测序中。Texas RedTexas Red是一个长波长荧光素,与Fluorescein几乎没有波谱重叠,只适合于Ar-Kr Laser的568nm光谱线或He-Ne Laser的594光谱线,比Tetramethylrhodamine和LissamineTM Rhodamine B波长更长,荧光量更高。Texas Red在荧光微阵列和流式细胞计中更被经常作为第三波长标记(Third labels)。(3)BODIPY类 BODIPY类荧光素是由分子探针公司开发,以用来替代那些有部分缺陷的传统荧光素,普遍具有荧光产量高,pH敏感性低(无离子变化),光稳定性强以及发射波谱窄的优点,故BODIPY类荧光素已被广泛用于核酸,脂肪酸,磷脂以及各种受体。同时,由于在电泳过程中对序列片段影响小,故已被逐渐用于DNA自动测序。但相对而言, BODIPY类荧光素并不特别适合标记蛋白.BODIPY FL可代替FluoresceinBODIPY R6G可代替Rhodamine 6GBODIPY TMR可代替TetramethylrhodamineBODIPY TR可代替Texas Red这些BODIPY类荧光素具有与被替代物几乎类似的光谱特征,能共用同样的光过滤器与激发光源,但更具优点。(4)其他荧光素 Cascade blueCascade blue是在芘 (pyrene)结构基础上改造得来的,即sulfonated pyrene,它是一种短波长紫外激发荧光素,与另一种常用的紫外荧光素Aminocoumarin相比,Cascade blue的Em与Fluorescein有更小的光谱重叠,有更高的荧光吸收和更大的荧光产量. Cascade blue在376nm处存在第二个吸收峰,水中不稳定。Cascade blue 主要用于标记蛋白,作为极性示踪子(polar tracer)可进行膜蛋白定位等.但也能用于标记核酸和葡聚糖。Aminocoumarin一种短波长紫外激发荧光素,通常使用的是7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, 红移现象明显,比Cascade blue有更长的发射波长,肉眼观察明显,更适用于confocal。表1:主要荧光激发光源Excitation sourcePrincipal spectrum lines(nm)Mercury-arc Lamp366,405,436,546,578Xenon-arc Lamp250-1000(continous)Tungsten-halogen Lamp350-1000(continous)Cr:LiSAF Laser430Helium-cadmium Laser325,442Argon-ion Laser488,514Nd:YAG Laser532Helium-neon Laser543,594,633Krypton-ion Laser568,647表2:主要荧光素一览表DyeAbs/Em Max(nm)NotesAcridine orange500/526green fluorescence bound to DNA, and red shift to 650 upon association with RNA, useful for flow cytometry.FAM492/518Most widely used green fluorescein, absorption overlaps the 488 nm spectral line of the argon-ion laser, prone to photobleaching, pH sensitive between pH 5-8,is widely used for automated DNA sequencingFITC494/519Subject to argon-ion laser, widespread use for hybridization, immunoreagent, protein sequencing and FRETHEX535/556pH insensitive, used for automated DNA sequencingJOE520/548Intermediate-wavelength spectra, important dye for automated DNA sequencing.Lissamine rhodamine B570/590Optimal for 568 nm excitation photostable,used in confocal laser scanning microscope.easier to label protein than TMR.Pyrene340/378 Excimer:470Long excited-state lifetime, spectral shifts due to excimer emission,used in protein comformation and oxygen sensors.ROX570/590spectra between Lissamine rhodamine B and Texas Red, used in automated DNA sequencing.TET521/536pH insensitive, used for automated DNA sequencingTetramethyl rhodamine555/580pH insensitive , photostable,Widely used for automated DNA sequencingTexas Red595/615Suited for the Ar-Kr 568nm and He-Ne 594nm spectra, brighter and lower background than other red dyes as third label, used in confocal laser scanning microscopesDansyl Chloride372/NDEnvironmentally sensitive, large stokes shift for protei sequencingDabcyl453/noneBroad absorption, no fluorescence, as a quenching group useful for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)CR-6G525/555Spectral between fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine, good photostable, preferred nucleotide off proteinCascade Blue400/420Resistant to quenching upon protein conjugation, Water soluble.BODIPY R6G528/547Substitute for rhodamine 6G,Useful for automated DNA sequencingBODIPY FL505/513pH insensitive, narrow spectral bandwidth, useful for automated DNA sequencing, preferred protein conjugation.Amino-coumarin345/445Widely used blue fluorescent dye, visibly brighter and easier for microscopes专心-专注-专业