译林牛津英语初一下册知识点归纳(共8页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上译林牛津英语初一下册知识点归纳:Chapter One Travel 一课文重点词语与短语plan 计划 plan to do sth. 计划去做某事offer 提供 offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb.矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖賃軔朧碍鳝绢。provide 提供 provide sth for sb = provide sb with sth聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净祸測樅锯鳗鲮。shop 购物 shop for sth = buy sthWhy not do sth? =Why dont you do sth 为什么不做used to do sth 过去常常做某事be/get used to doing sth 习惯于做某事the same as 和一样be famous for sth = be well-know for sth 以闻名 be famous as 作为而著名help sb (to )do sth 帮助某人做某事help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事one of + 可数名词复数 之一,其中之一二语法:冠词a,an,与the 的用法不定冠词a/an的用法主要有:1泛指 表示“某一个”,用于可数名词单数前。如: We need a rent to live in.残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟婭骒東戇鳖納。2与可数名词单数连用,表示类别。如: 1) I'm a student.(是学生而不是其他人。) 2) An elephant is much bigger than a tiger.3在某些词组中,代替介词per,作“每一”讲。如: twice a day, 5 dollars a kilo 酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥顧荭钯詢鳕驄。 I play computer games once a week.注意: a /an 的区别 a 用在辅音开头的单词前:a cat, a useful book an 用在元音发音的单词前:an English book, an interesting story, 彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑诒尔肤亿鳔简。an honest boy, an important party, an ugly man定冠词the的用法主要有:1. 表示特指某人或某物。如: The notebook on the desk is mine.Beijing is the capital of China.2. 表示上文提过的人或事物。如: There is a cat under the chair. The cat is black and white. 謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔點鉍杂篓鳐驱。3. 表示世界上独一无二的东西。如: the earth, the sun4. 用于说话双方都知道的名词前。如: Let's go for a picnic, shall we? 5. 用在作定语的序数词前。如: She is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. 厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚卺癩龔长鳏檷。6. 用在形容词前表示一类人。如: the rich, the old, the sick, the deaf7. 用在乐器名称前。如: play the violin(guitar, piano)8. 用在表示“姓”的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇二人。如: The Whites are on their holiday in Canada. 9. 用在由普通名词构成表示场所的专有名词前。如: the People's Park, the Golden GateBridge10在最高级、序数词及next,last,same等词前常用定冠词。如: The last one is the most important one.不用冠词的情况(零冠词的用法)主要有:1. 在物质名词或抽象名词前。如: Water and air are important to us. Wisdom is better than strength. 2. 名词前面已有作定语用的this, that, these, those, my, your, some, any等代词的情况下。如:茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪镀齐鈞摟鳎饗。 I want this car, not that car. There is some water in the cup. 3. 在季节、月份、日期、星期、节日前。如: There are four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. 鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴縈诘聾諦鳍皑。 School begins on September 1. March 8th is Women's Day. 特例:1)中国的传统节日要加the。如:the Spring Festival 4. 在一日三餐、球类运动和学科名词前。如: I have breakfast at six in the morning. They play football every day. He prefers science to physics. 特例:当表示三餐的名词前有定语修饰时,要加不定冠词。如: They had a good dinner yesterday. 5. 在学科前不加冠词。如: I am good at maths and history.6.在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的表示街道、广场、公园、桥梁等名词前;国名和地名人名前通常也不加冠词。如:Zhongshan Road, Tian'anmen Square;China,Shenzhen,Tom籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨槠挞曉养鳌顿。7表示使用某种交通手段时,名词前不用 冠词。如: I usually go to my office by bus.Chapter 2 Protecting our environment一课文重点词语与短语be interested in sth 对感兴趣 of course 当然begin to do sth 开始做某事 each other 相互pass sth to sb =pass sb sth 传递某物给某人communicate with sb 和某人交流taste 尝起来 后跟形容词作表语be in danger 处境危险 collect stamps 搜集邮票enjoy doing 喜欢做 enjoy oneself 玩得开心thank sb for sth /doing sth 感谢某人做某事make sb/sth + 动词原形 使做in order of 以的顺序类似inrerested 与interesting的形容词:excited/ exciting, tired/ tiring, surprised/ suprising, bored/ boring預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴買闥龅绌鳆現。通常以-ed结尾的形容词含被动意义,表示人感到; 以-ing 结尾的形容词汗主动意义,表示使人,令人.渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦鋇絨钞陉鳅陸。二. 语法:现在进行时态结构be(am/is/are)+动词ing(现在分语)构成谓语be是助动词,帮助构成时态、语态及语气、否定句和疑问句 铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡缝勵罴楓鳄烛。动词ing现在分词的变化规则:1)动词+ing: do-doing teach-teaching ;2)以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的单音节词,双写辅音字母再+ing:put-putting;3) 以字母e 结尾的,去掉e再+ing: make-making take-taking。4)单词以辅音字母加ie结尾,去-ie变y,再加-ing. 如die(死亡)-dying; tietying注意:表状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时,如: believe(相信),doubt(怀疑),hear,know,understand,belong(属于),think(认为),look(看起来),show,mind,have,sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),care,like,hate,love,擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷報赢无貽鳃闳。例如:Danny: The doorbell is ringing.May: I know. I hear it. 某些趋向动词的现在进行时可表示将来:Im coming. 我这就来。Im going/leaving.我这就走。Chpater 3一课文重点词语与短语 look up 查阅 human beings 人类an amusement park 游乐园 buy sb sth = buy sth for sb 给某人买某物 all year round 全年贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷鯛汉鼉匮鲻潰。some others 一些另一些 asas像一样 die out 灭绝 learn about sth from从了解某事 be born 出生 after leaving school 毕业后坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚跻馱釣缋鲸鎦。 deliver mail 送邮件 at the same time 同时蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘籜葦繯颓鲷洁。be based on 以为基础 more than 数量多于二. 语法1 指示代词this,that,these,those四个词都是指示代词,分别表示“这个”,“那个”,“这些”,“那些”。从中文释义上我们也能看出,它们之间是有差别的。那么,我们就来讲一讲,指示代词this,that,these,those的具体用法。買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄届嬌擻歿鲶锖。(1)this用来指离说话者位置近的人或者物,以及时间上较近的场合。如:This is my mother.这是我妈妈。(2)that用来指在空间或时间上离的较远的人、物和场合。如:That is his father.那是我爸爸。(3)these是this的复数形式,those是that的复数形式。this,that和is 连用,而these,those和are 连用。this is,these are,those are不存在缩写形式,只有that is有缩写形式,即that's。如:綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴飙钪麦蹣鲵殘。These are my friends.Those are their aunts.That's his father. = That is his father.指示代词的陈述句形式我们已经了解了,那么,怎样将它们改成一般疑问句呢?我们都知道,由陈述句转换为一般疑问句时,直接将be动词提前到句首,把第一人称转换为第二人称,回答用yes或no。而在回答主语为this,that,these,those的疑问句时,问句中的this,that在答语中要用it替代,these,those要用they替代。如:驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦諑琼针咙鲲鏵。 Is this his father? Yes, it is. / No, it isn't. Are these your friends? Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.注意:指示代词所指的事物第二次提到时,通常也是用it 代替this和that,用they 代替these 和those。猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑献鵬缩职鲱样。What is this?It is a bird.(4)this,that,those和these加名词构成一些常用短语,表示时间,指现在或过去。 this morning 今天早晨 this spring 今年春天that morning 那天早晨 these days 这些天2 可数名词与不可数名词普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体,如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物,如people,family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质,如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔嗚訝摈馍鲰钵。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。可数名词表示复数意义时,可用some/ many/lots of/ a lot of / a few/ few/ 修饰: many bananas , a few pens 構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛門戲鷯瀏鲮晝。不可数名词可以用some/ much/ lots of/ a lot of / a little/ little 修饰:much meat , a little bread輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶蛴镧釃邊鲫釓。可数名词单数变复数规则变化:(1)一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days (2)以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes (3)以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs (4)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities (5)以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys (6)以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos (7)以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅瀝纰縭垦鲩换。(8) 除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。例:a dollar, two dollars;不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同 sheep, deer, fish, yuan, jin, Swiss, Chinese, Japanese 3只有复数形式 trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒侬减攙苏鲨运。4一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle注意: 记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式,如:Chinese-Chinese Japanese-JapaneseEnglishman-Englishmen Frenchman-FrenchmenRussian-Russians American-AmericansGerman - Germanschild-children foot-feetman-men woman-womentooth-teeth goose - geesedeer-deer sheep-sheepChapter 4一 重点词汇和短语1.sense感官2.balance平衡3.tongue舌头4.blind盲的;瞎的5.book预定 6.allow允许进入7.lead带路;带领8.exit出口 9. describe描述凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴铍賄鹗骥鲧戲。10.lie躺11.dead失灵的;不转运的12. seem似乎13.convenient方便的14.mind注意15 almost几乎16.disability缺陷;残疾恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦聰櫻郐燈鲦軫。短语1.find out找出2.match with使.和.相配3.keep balance保持平衡4.fall down跌倒;摔倒5.stop doing sth停止做某事6. stop to work 停下某事而去工作7.belong to属于8.reception desk接待处,服务台鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫摇饬缗釷鲤怃。9.walk into走进10.book a room定房11.allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事12.lead sb to sp领某人去某地硕癘鄴颃诌攆檸攜驤蔹鸶胶据实鲣赢。13.the location of的位置 14.safety first安全第一 15.describe sth to sb向某人描述16.be asleep在睡觉17.save ones life救了某人的生命18.seem like看起来象,似乎19.the sound of sth 的声音20.be against sth反对21.seconds later不久,很快22.show up= appear 出现23. fire alarm火警警报24.go off突然发出响声25.look out/watch out小心 26 have a cold患感冒阌擻輳嬪諫迁择楨秘騖輛埙鵜蔹鲢幟。27.hear sb doing sth听见某人正在做某事 28. belong to 属于氬嚕躑竄贸恳彈瀘颔澩纷釓鄧鳌鲡貼。29. a blind man 盲人 30. lile on the floor 躺在地上釷鹆資贏車贖孙滅獅赘慶獷緞瑋鲟将。二 语法:人称代词;形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词;反身代词Task1 人称代词【用法】人称代词分为主格和宾格两种形式。主格通常做主语,放在谓语动词前面;宾格通常做宾语,放在谓语动词和介词之间。怂阐譜鯪迳導嘯畫長凉馴鸨撟鉍鲞谣。Task2 形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。【用法】形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,放在名词之前。名词性物主代词后面则不能再跟名词。Task3 反身代词专心-专注-专业Chapter 5一 重点单词和短语at last 终于 make electricity 发电谚辞調担鈧谄动禪泻類谨觋鸾帧鲜奧。in a way 在某种程度上 come back =return 回来connectto 把连接到. with a grin on ones face 脸上带着笑容嘰觐詿缧铴嗫偽純铪锩癱恳迹见鲛請。a packet of 一袋,一包 be on (灯,水龙头,机器等)开着be off (灯,水龙头,机器等)关了 be able to do 能够做.switch /turn on 开(灯,水龙头,机器等)switch/ turn off 关(灯,水龙头,机器等)trick sb. 捉弄某人 turn right/ left 向右转/向左转熒绐譏钲鏌觶鷹緇機库圆鍰缄鹗鲚圆。look foolish 看起来很傻 keep silent/ quiet 保持安静鶼渍螻偉阅劍鲰腎邏蘞阕簣择睜鲔诌。all kinds of 各种各样的饿 different forms of 不同形式的纣忧蔣氳頑莶驅藥悯骛覲僨鴛鋅鲒嗚。run an air conditioner 开空调 changeinto 把变成.颖刍莖蛺饽亿顿裊赔泷涨负這恻鲑觶。a power station 发电站二 语法:情态动词情态动词不能单独作谓语动词,后接其它动词原形做谓语,没有人称和数的变化。表示能够或不能做某事用can 或 cant; 过去式为:could。 Fish cant live without water.-Can she play the paino? -Yes,she can. /No,she cant.2. 告诉人们必须或禁止做某事用must或mustnt; You must hand in your homework at once. You mustnt talk loudly in public.在回答must的疑问句时,否定回答常用 neednt 或dont have to表示不必,而不用 mustnt 。濫驂膽閉驟羥闈詔寢賻減栖綜诉鲐卺。 - Must we stay here? -No, you neednt. ( No, you dont have to .)3.may, can,may not 表示许可和请求. 可和can 互相使用. e.g (1).You may play computer game this evening. (2)- May I open the door? -Yes,you may / No,you may not.拒绝对方时, 可用No,you mustnt / Sorry,you cant.-May I watch TV now? -No, you mustnt.4,can 和 be able to都可表示能区别如下: be able to 有人称数和时态的变化。 銚銻縵哜鳗鸿锓謎諏涼鏗穎報嚴鲍蝇。 I can come tomorrow. He was able to help the old lady. I will be able to come tomorrow.Chapter 6一 重点单词和短语uninteresting 无趣味的 reject 拒绝 dull 枯燥的thank goodness 谢天谢地 feel like doing sth =would like to do sth 想要做某事挤貼綬电麥结鈺贖哓类芈罷鸨竇鲋鑿。lie down 躺下 be patient with 对有耐心hate doing sth 讨厌做某事 knock on/ at the door 敲门run in rings 绕着圈跑 keep doing sth 不断地做某事mind sth/doing sth 介意某事/做某事 be similar to 与相似all right 好吧 确实 be pround of 以为自豪赔荊紳谘侖驟辽輩袜錈極嚕辫鏢鲈蕆。二 语法特殊疑问词who 与whose 的用法Who,问谁,主要用于人,对句中出现的人进行提问。-Who is playing the piano in the next door?-Tom.whose 问是谁的(所有格),可以修饰指代人或事物的名词,对句中的名词所有格, 形容词性物主代词或名词性物主代词进行提问塤礙籟馐决穩賽釙冊庫麩适绲挝鲅偬。-Whose mother is a doctor? -Nicks. - Whose watch is that? -That is your watch.注意: whom 与who:whom 是宾格形式,意思是谁,而who是主格形式。Whose 与whos: whose 是谁的,whos =who is 谁是不定代词one 与ones 的使用One 用来替代单数可数名词,以避免重复,泛指同类事物中的任何一个。例如: -Excuse me, I want to find a bookshop. -I know one.Come on. Ill show you.Ones 用来替代可数名词复数,泛指同类事物中的一些。-Would you like the green cups or the blue cups? -Blue ones.注意: it 和one都可以代替前面提到的名词,但it 代替前面提到的那件特指的事物,是指同一件事物;而one 所代替的是前面提到的同类事物,但不是同一件。裊樣祕廬廂颤谚鍘羋蔺递灿扰谂鲂茎。