英美概况美国复习部分(共15页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上美国复习部分1，Size and LocationIn the central part of North America (except Alaska and Hawaii); Canada on the north Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south Atlantic Ocean on the east Pacific Ocean on the westtotal area9,5 million square kilometers; 50 states and the federal district of Columbiathe seat of the Federal Government. 2，五大湖（GreatLakes）是位于加拿大与美国交界处的几座大型淡水湖泊，按面积从大到小分别为：苏必利尔湖（LakeSuperior）、休伦湖（LakeHuron）、密歇根湖（LakeMichigan）、伊利湖（LakeErie）和安大略湖（LakeOntario）。除密歇根湖属于美国之外，其它四湖为加拿大和美国共有。这五个湖泊所组成的五大湖是世界上最大的淡水水域，总面积达245,660平方公里，有北美洲地中海之称。其中苏必利尔湖是世界上最大的淡水湖。 3，The Top ListThe largest state: AlaskaThe smallest state:Rhode IslandThe most populous state: CaliforniaThe least populous state:Wy'oming(1.怀俄明州(美国州名) The largest cities:New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia4,top-ranking universities <New England>HarvardYaleMassa'chusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 5,The Western Regionincluding 11(8+3) states, like Washington, Oregon and California, etc.Oregon-wealth of beautiful forests and streamsCalifornia striking natural features-central valley, high mountains, and hot dry deserts. notable cities San FranciscoLos Angeles San Diego14 percent of American gross domestic productpredominant agriculture yielding high-tech industry centre6,Gulf Warfought in early 1991 between Iraq and a coalition of 39 countries organized by the U.S., most of which rely on Kuwait and Saudi Arabia as primary source of petroleum.7,When talking about America, is there any city that you are familiar with? And why?Tips: New Yorkcommercial and financial center of the United StatesWashington D.C.seat of the federal governmentLos Anglessecond largest city in the U.S.; four times larger than San Francisco; important electronic center ;known for the manufacture of tires, automobiles and aircraft. center of atomic research .center of the movie.Chicagothe windy city,history1, Reasons that drew people to America: in search of wealth priests spreading Christianity refuge for political dissentersthe thirst for adventure2,What were the causes of the War of Independence? The economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies.“No taxation without representation”( 无代表， 不纳税）3,Whats the influence of the War of Independence?The colonies in Spanish America rose up one after another to overthrow Spanish colonial rules.The French RevolutionAfter the War of Independence, capitalism got a chance for freer development.Terri'torial expansion4,Review the American War of Independence 1. The outburst： The Battle of Lexington, 17752. Founding the Continental Army and Navy ： appoint the General George Washington, 17753. Founding the U.S.A： Declaration of Independence, 17764. Victory： General George Cornwallis surrounded at Yorktown, 17815. The Treaty of Paris ： Britain recognize the independence of the United States, 1783ar of Independence5,American Civil WarThe cause of the war1,There existed two economic systems in the North and the South. In the North, the importation of black slaves outlawed in 1808, the capitalist economy developed rapidly. By 1860, American industry had ranked fourth in the world.2,But in the South, things were quite different. The south had a large number of plantations (种植园) on which Negro slaves were made to work. They grow cotton and tobacco, but there was little industry.3he slaves in the South lived in small cabins near their masters big house. They were often cruelly treated and the punishments on them were rather severe. In 1852, a novel entitled “Uncle Toms Cabin” came out, the book described the cruel things that might happen to a slave under a cruel master.4,The Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850 helped Southerners to recapture slaves who had escaped to the free states. Fitive Slave Act :1850年逃奴追缉法案. 5,Plantation owners insisted that the slavery system should be kept because they considered slaves to constitute cheap labor, while the industrialcapitalists of the North free labor was more economical and therefore more profitable for their industry. This was the main cause of the conflict and also the main cause of Civil War between the North and the South.6,Emancipation Proclamation 解放黑奴宣言7,What was the significance of the Civil War? 1) abolished the slave system 2) swept the obstacles to the development of US capitalist production8,Uncle Toms Cabin antislavery9,Great Changes of Modern America 1,change inpopulation. The number of American population increasingly grew due to a large number of immigrants.2. Changes in the cities. After the Civil War, people began to pour into the cities and the cities, therefore, grew larger and larger. Meanwhile taller and taller buildings were put up. About 1880, elevators and electric lights were installed.3. Changes in industry. During this period, the United States was becoming the worlds leading industrial power. Along with the rapid development of the industry, competition became more and more acute. Small factories were swallowed up by the big ones.4. Changes in education, culture and social life. Education became greatly improved during the three decades. Many new colleges were brought into being where the applied sciences were taught, such as bridge building. Girls began to be admitted to colleges including the early-established mens colleges, such as Harvard and Columbia. Women began to gain more rights during this period. They could control their own property. Many women found jobs. They began to depend more and more upon themselves.10,The First World War (1914-1918) Several causes made the U.S. enter the war. Firstly, the Germans announced that submarines were to be used to sink ships going to England. This would greatly injure the American trade.Secondly, Germany had sent many spies to America to set fire to factories and put bombs in ships that were carrying goods across the ocean. Thirdly, after two years of fighting, the both sides grew weary. This was a good chance to enter the war.Lastly, the “February Revolution” took place in Russia in 1917. The American government thought that Russia might withdraw from the war and the Allies(协约国) might be crushed, and this would greatly harm their interests of American capitalists who had invested a huge deal of capital in the Allies.11,The Great Depression of 1929-1933The Great Depression, like a hurricane, shock the U.S. and the whole capitalist world to its foundation. On October 24, 1929-“Black Thursday”- a wave of panic selling of stock swept the New York Stock Exchange.(1) People who thought they were rich suddenly found they had become paupers. (2) A large number of people who had borrowed money from the banks could not repay their debts. (3) Many banks simply closed down. Paupers:贫民(4) People without money could buy nothing from shops, so many shops shut down too.(5) All this inevitably affected companies, reducing their sales, their production and the payrolls. (6) Millions of unemployed people walked along the streets in a hopeless search for work.(7) Agriculture got worse and worse for the products found no market.(8) Great quantities of milk were poured into the rivers. Plenty of “extra” goods and products were simply destroyed while the people went hungry and unemployed. This is just the true nature of capitalism.12How did America got involved in WWII?On December 7th ,1937, Japans planes from carriers at sea made a swift and sudden raid on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor. The incident of attack on Pearl Harbor shook the whole country of the U.S. The next day heard a short address by President Roosevelt and Congress declared war on Japan.13,What do you think of America declaration of the War?It ought to be admitted that the U.S. and president Roosevelt did, on the one hand, play an important role in the war against fascists. On the other hand, however, it is necessary to point out that the U.S. Entered the war mainly for her own benefits, which reveals the nature of imperialism.AMERRICAN PEOPLE1,The most densely populated regionthe northeastern part 2,The majority of the white American people are descendants of English settlers. They are called WASPs.3,Melting Pot 大熔炉 Racial inferiors are burned away in the melting pot of the New World and the highest qualities of races fused into a new race of man.4,Salad Bowl 色拉碗An immigrant can be a good American while at the same time keeping the values, customs, language, and culture of the mother country. American Political System1,sepaation of powersThe constitution divides the powers of the government into 3 branches so that no one branch has all the power.theecutive, headed by the presidentThe Legislative, including both houses of Congress the Senate and the House of RepresentativeThe Judicial, headed by the Supreme Court2,How does a bill become a law?A bill introduced by member of Congress is sent to an appropriate legislative Congress department.The committee is formed and holds hearing on it.The recommendations of the bill are reported to the Houses.The bill is debated on the floor of each house, then the votes begin.After the majority approval by both houses, the proposal law goes to the president.If two-thirds of each house of Congress approve it, the bill becomes law in spite of presidents veto.3,The Function of CongressThe constitution is generous in its grant of powers to Congress;Among these powers are：the power to “spend and tax in order to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States”; the power to borrow money; the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among states; the power to declare war, raise and support armies, and provide and maintain a navy; the power to establish post offices and post roads; the power to set up the federal courts under the Supreme Court; the power “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution”. 4,Functions of The PresidentAs Chief Executive, he is given the authority or duty: to command the armed forces and grant pardons;to make appointments to certain offices; to conclude treaties;to send and receive diplomatic and consular officials;to inform Congress on the “state of the Union”;to recommend legislation, approve or veto bills passed by Congress, and ensure the execution of laws. 5,The presidents limits:major appointments with approval of the Senate; veto overridden by Congress with two-thirds consent of the Senators;all appropriations legislated by Congress; can be impeached by Congress if abusing power or committing crimes; no power to dismiss Congress;his policy can be vetoed and abolished by The Supreme Court.6,The CabinetA council of advisers consists of the heads of the 15 departments, who are called "secretaries" Appointed by the President and approved with the "advice and consent" of the U.S. Senate Headed by the president7,The Democratic PartyThe Democratic Partyliberal;Governmentplaying an important role in the economy and emphasizing full employment; Favor civil rights laws, a strong social security system and less restrictive abortion laws, etc.;More disposed to search out a method of living with Russia and China and to look for reduction in arms spending.8.The Republican Partyconservative;Favor an economic systemgiving enterprises a greater freedom and demand the government to control inflation; Stress the need for law and order; Oppose complete governmental social programs and free choice of abortion;Favor a strong military posture and assertive stands in international relations.The Administration of Justice1,Sources of law ConstitutionsLegislation Executive ordersAdministrative agencies Courts 2,The Federal CourtsThe authority for the federal court system is in the Constitution. The system includes:The Supreme CourtThe federal courts of appealsThe federal diThe State Courts3,The State CourtsThe state courts have general power to decide nearly every type of case.There are generally four levels of state courts:Trial courts of limited jurisdictionTrial courts of general jurisdictionIntermediate appellate courtsState courts of last resort专心-专注-专业