新概念英语第一册全部语法(共22页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上新概念英语第一册全部语法 (2008-05-07 13:50:35) 一时态：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时1. 一般现在时 表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。usually, sometimes, always, often 等词在英文中被称为“频度副词”，是用来表示动作频率的，但程度上有别。一般来说可按频率大小排列：alwaysusuallyoftensometimesseldom（很少）hardly evernever（从不） 含有be动词的句子He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?变否定句在be动词后面加notHe is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.不含有be动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型Does he like books?Does she like him?Does the dog like bones?变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesnt, 动词变为原型He doesnt like books.She doesnt like him.The dog doesnt like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：Yes, he does. No, he doesnt.Yes, she does. No, she doesntYes, it does. No, it doesnt.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。其他人称及复数名词I want to have a bath.We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.变疑问句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?变否定句在主语和动词之间加dont.You dont want to have a bath.We dont have any meat.The students dont like smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I do. No, I dont.Yes, we do. No, we dontYes, they do. No, they dont.2. 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。构成：主语be动词动词的现在分词其它成分We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?变否定句在be动词后面加 notWe are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑问句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.疑问词动词主语现在分词What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?(必背)没有进行时的动词表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作1. 表示感觉，感官的词see, hear, like, love, want,2. have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时3. 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,含有be动词的句子， 将动词变为过去式，am, is的过去式为was，are的过去式为wereI was at the butchers.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.变疑问句将be动词移动到句首Were you at the butchers?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?变否定句在be动词后面加notI was not at the butchers.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.肯定回答否定回答Yes, I was. No, I was not.Yes, you were. No, you were not.Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.特殊疑问句：What did you do?(必背)不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaurant.The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.变疑问句在句首加did， 动词变为原型Did you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?变否定句在主语和动词之间加did notI did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I did. No, I didnt.Yes, he did. No, he didnt.Yes, they did. No, they did not.4. 现在完成时构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词用法：1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4)表示一种经历，经验：去过地方，做过事情，经历过事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了I have been to London. (人已经回来)He has gone to London.（人还在那里）5)表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.句型变化：变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑问句：What have you done?What has he done?一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错：Ive left Beijing for 3 days.对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.5. 一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours time, etc. 表示将来的词联用结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.变疑问句将助动词移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?变否定句在助动词后面加notI will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.特殊疑问句：What will you do?6. 过去完成时：用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.They had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。变疑问句将助动词移到句首Had she finished her homework?变否定句在助动词后面加notShe hadnt finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had. No, she hadnt.特殊疑问句：What had she done?7. 过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.8过去将来时一般过去时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和中。 一般过去将来时的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态。 结构：would doShe said she would go here the next morning.二 特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 结构1. Be going to 结构表示打算，准备，计划做某事结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?变否定句在be动词后面加notI am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I am. No, I am not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.Yes, he is. No, he is not.特殊疑问句What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?(必背)2. There be 句型表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)There is单数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There is a book in this room.There is a pen on the tableThere are复数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?变否定句在动词后面加notThere is not a book in this room.There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, there is. No, there is not.Yes, there are. No, there are not.三问句：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句一般疑问句: 助动词/be动词+主语Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What is your name?选择疑问句: orDo you want beef or lamb?反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分You dont need that pen, do you?否定疑问句: 一般疑问句+否定词Arent you lucky? Dont you want have a rest?四冠词用法：a/an/the的一般用法详细见笔记不定冠词-所表示1) 表示"一个"，意为 one ；指某人或某物，意为a certain 。A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.2) 代表一类人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with.Mr. Smith is an engineer.3) 词组或成语。a little / a few / a lot of / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden不定冠词-作用1） 不定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是：用在的单数形式前表示泛指-表明一类人或事物区别于它类。例：I am a Chinese. 我是(一个)中国人。This is a book. 这是（一本）书。2）为了读音的方便，在以元音音素开头的可数名词的单数名词前用an而不用a。当我们使用an时，条件有三： 这个名词的读音必须是以元音音素开头-即它的 音标的第一个音素是元音，而不是说它是以元音字母开头。它必须是个可数名词。它还必须是个单数名词。我们常常见到这类用法：a university 一所大学 an hour 一个小时an orange 一只桔子 an engineer 一位工程师an ordinary man一个普通人an honest person一位诚实的人不定冠词-基本用法1）用于泛指人或者事She wanted to rent an apartment near the campus. .她想在学校附近租一套房子。Before she left for London, Sally sent me a picture of herself. 萨莉动身去前送给我一张她的照片。A grammar book is necessary to a language learner. 对语言学习者来说，语法书是很必要的。A teacher likes putting a watch on his / her desk while lecturing .老师讲课时总爱将手表放在讲台上。2) 用于某些词组中。这种用法是约定束成的，我们只有遵从而无旁的选择。例如：have a rest（休息） have a look（瞧瞧） have a good time（过得开心）take a shower（淋浴） take a break（休息） take a bath（洗澡）get a cold（患感冒） get a fever（发烧） develop into a habit （养成习惯）make a living（谋生） make a guess at（猜测） make a difference between（区分）in a moment（过一会儿） in a sense（在某种意义上） in a way（在某种程度上）once in a while（间或） have an advantage over（优于）have an edge（略胜过）as a result（因此）as a rule（通常）as a whole（总体上说）a/an 不定冠词和 the 的用法在名称或唯一地名前禁用在或唯一地名前禁用：名称前禁用:1）Mr.Green lives in Bridge Stree.基本文法说明英文中的冠词是用来指称陪伴单数可数名词，也就是当你在句子中提到单个或单件的人事物时，需要在前面加个冠词来表示单“一”的存在。而冠词中又分为不定冠词以及定冠词两类。顾名思义，定冠词 the的使用时机在于你所提到的单数名词是“那一个”“这一个”特别指定的目标物，反之如果没有特定的指称对象就只要用不定冠词 a/an就可以了。错误发生情况及修正练习仔细看看下列的句子，哪里出了错？又该如何修正？A. I am not English. I am Chinese.我不是英国人。B. Our department needs a secretary and accountant.我们部门需要一名秘书和一名会计。C. I am eating an apple pie. An apple pie is still hot.我正在吃苹果派。这派还正热着呢。错误修正及解释正确的句子如下：A. I am not an English.I am a Chinese.根本忘记在单数名词前面加冠词会发生这样的错误通常是因为受到中文习惯的影响，因为在中文的表达里我们并不一定会把“一个”或“一样”等等的量词说出来或写出来，所以在英文表达的时候要特别留意。B. Our department needs a secretary and an accountant.有的时候忘记在后面的单数名词加冠词虽然and 之类的连接词有连接前后两个名词的功用，但是个别的冠词还是不能省哦！C. I am eating an apple pie. The apple pie is still hot.搞不清楚定冠词 the 应该用在“那一个”“这一个”特别指定的目标物前面通常第一次提到一样东西或一个人的时候，我们是在介绍全新或者是听者不知道的人事物，因此不需要特别指定只要用不定冠词 a/an 就可以了。但是当我们在后来的叙述或谈话中再次提到“那”一样东西或“某”个人的时候，就要用到定冠词 the 来表示先前已经提过的单数名词。 定冠词基本用法1. 用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物This is the house where Luxun once lived.这是曾经住过的房子。2.用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物Open the door, please.请把门打开。3.用以复述上文提过的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”）Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals tolook for food for him.从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。4.用在和前January is the first month of the year.一月份是一年当中的第一个月。Shanghai is the biggest city in China.是中国最大的城市。5.表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮the earth 地球 the sky 天空the world 世界6.指由普通名词构成的专有名词the West Lake the Great Wall 长城the United States the United Nations 联合国定冠词的用法-27.表示方向、方位in the east 在东方 in the west 在西方in the front 在前面 at the back 在后面in the bottom 在底部 at the top 在顶部on the right 在右边 on the left 在左边8.在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前the Pacific Ocean the Yellow River the Tainshan Mountains the Taiwan Straits 9. 在姓氏复数前，表示一家人The Bakers came to see me yesterday.一家人昨天来看我。10.和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物the poor 穷人 the rich 富人the sick 病人 the wounded 伤员the good 好人 the beautiful 美丽的事物11.用在表示阶级、政党的名词前the working class the Chinese Communist Party 12. 用在the very强调句中This is the very book I want.这就是我想要的那本书。13. 在the more, the more的句式中The more you drink, the more you like it.你越喝就越爱喝。14.表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加theplay the piano 弹钢琴play the violin 拉小提琴中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play erhu(二胡)15.某些固定的表达法in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看电影go to the theatre 去看戏 all the year round 一年到头on the way to 前往.去的路上16.the加单数可以表示一类人或事物The horse is a useful animal.马是一种有用的动物。注意：像这类句子还有如下两种写法A horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.17.在“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用 the，而不用人称代词。take sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手臂hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸be red in the face 脸红be lame in theright leg 右腿瘸 等结构中,名词前要用the特殊用法18. 特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine. 把药吃了。19. 与复数名词连用，指整个群体：They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)20. 表示所有，相当于，用在表示身体部位的名词前：She caught me by the arm. 她抓住了我的手臂。21. 用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：the People's Republic of China the United States 美国22. 用在某些习惯用语中at the same time 同时 by the way 顺便问一句for the present 暂时 go to the cinema 看电影in the end 最后 in the dark 在黑暗中，不知道in the least 一点，丝毫 in the open 在野外in the past 在过去 in the long run从长远来看in the event of 万一 in the morning 在上午in the way 挡道，碍事 on the whole总体上on the other hand 另一方面 on the contrary相反地out of the question不可能的五 限定词：some, any, many, muchsome, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用somemany修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money. I dont have much money.六 六名词：种类，复数，名词所有格1名词分为可数名词和不可数名词2不可数名词无法分开的东西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）抽象的东西：love, beauty, coldness（寒冷）不可数名词有以下特点：不能用a, an修饰 不能加s和单数be动词或动词搭配可数名词：单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化：规则变化的名词复数形式规则1一般情况+se.g. shellshells bookbooks规则2以s, x, ch, sh结尾+ese.g. foxfoxeschurchchurches, busbuses, watchwatches规则3以o结尾+s或+ese.g. potatopotatoes, Negro'ni:gruNegroes, heroheroes, tomatotomatoes，七 （口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿），剩下一般加s, radioradios规则4以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为vese.g. lifeliveshalfhalves, shelfshelves, citycities, wifewives规则5以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+ese.g. skyskiesflyflies不规则变化的名词复数形式man men woman women foot feetgoose geese tooth teeth单数 复数child children sheep sheep deer deer mouse mice fish fish八副词：用法及形容词变副词的变化u 副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：The book is very good.He runs fast.She came here quite early.Certainly I will go with you.u变化：1直接在形容词后加-ly,careful-carefully, slow-slowly,2以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly,happy-happily, lucky-luckily3有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化fast, hard, late4有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,九情态动词的使用：can, must, may, might, need,1情态动词can（能够）, must（必须）, may（可以）结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型He can make the tea.Sally can air the room.We can speak English.变疑问句将情态动词移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally air the room?Can we speak English?变否定句在情态动词后面加notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot air the room.We cannot speak English.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he can. No, he cannot.Yes, she can. No, she cannot.Yes, we can. No, we cannot.特殊疑问句：What can you do?(必背)注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。2Must/have to的区别must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态3must, may, might表示猜测：u must do 表示对现在事实的猜测u must have done表示对过去事实的猜测u must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测u may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。U cant/couldnt 表示不可能4need 用法：u表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I dont.I need to have a rest.U Need doing=need to be done，表示被动The flowers need water