2011年中考英语总复习专题1-18(名词)(共6页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2011年中考英语总复习专题1-18专题一 名词一、考点分析：中考对于名词的考查主要侧重以下几点：1可数名词的复数。2.不可数名词的量。3名词所有格的用法。 4.名词的句法作用。5词义辨析。 6.名词与主谓一致。考查形式主要有：单项选择、词形转换、词语辨析、翻译句子等题型。二、考点知识讲解：考点1、名词定义及的分类名词的定义：名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。名词分为考点2、名词的单复数形式 1>规则变化：构成方法例子在词尾加sGirl pen,以s,x,ch,sh结尾的加esBus,box,watch,dish以f或fe结尾的，变f或fe为v,再加esWife，half,shelf,thief某些以f结尾的词，直接加sRoof屋顶，belief信念以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i,再加esCity,country,family,party以元音字母加y结尾的，直接加sBoy,day以o结尾的四个词（两人，两菜）加es,其余的都加sPotato,tomato,hero,negro (zoo,photo加s)1>不规则变化：构成方法例子形式不变，即单复数相同Sheep,deer;Chinese,Japanese(中日不变，英法变，其余后加s变复。)变内部元音字母Foot，tooth,goose,man,mouse-mice(老鼠变复数，ous变ic)词尾加ren或enChild-children ,oxen3>.复合名词的复数形式有两种(1)将主体词变为复数，如：sisterinlawsistersinlaw(嫂子)boy classmateboy classmates(2)将复合词中两个词都变为复数，此种复合词中第一个词须是man或woman，如：man workermen workerswoman teacherwomen teachers4>特殊情况(1)有些名词只有复数形式，如：clothes，shorts，pants，scissors(剪刀)，goods，glasses(眼镜)(2)有些名词以s结尾，但不是复数形式，如：news，maths，physics，politics(3)有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义，如：room(空间)a room(房间)work(工作)works(著作)(4)不可数名词的数量表达不可数名词本身不可数，但可借助单位量词表示一定的数量，如：a piece of bread/news/paper一片面包/一条新闻/一张纸a cup of tea/coffee一杯茶/一杯咖啡还可用much，little，a little，a large amount of，some，any，no，lots of，plenty of等来修饰不可数名词，如：much money，some milk(5)数词名词形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式，如：He is a fouryearold boy.他是个4岁的男孩。(fouryearold不能说成fouryearsold)a fivefootdeep hole一个五英尺深的洞考 点3 名词所有格 1表示有生命的人或物的名词所有格形式，在此名词词尾加's，或直接加'。(1)单数名词加's，如：Mary's book(2)以s结尾的复数名词只加'，不以s结尾的复数名词要加's，如：the three girls' father 这三个女孩的父亲the children's presents 孩子们的礼物(3)表示几个人共有，仅在最后一个人的名字后加's，表示各自所有时，需在各个名字后加's，如：Mary and Jane's car(她俩人共有的车)Mary's and Jane's cars(她俩各自的车)(4)表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时，名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。如：the barber'sthe barber's shop理发店to my aunt'sto my aunt's house到我姑姑家(5)有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇等无生命的名词，也可以加's构成所有格。如：a week's time 一周的时间China's population中国的人口two miles' distance两英里的距离2表示无生命的东西的所有格形式：名词of所有者，如：the name of the zoo动物园的名字the front wall of the classroom教室的前墙3双重所有格：即of's或of名词性物主代词，如：a book of my daughter's 我女儿的一本书The friend of his is very kind.他的朋友非常友好。考 点4 名词的句法功能 1名词作主语名词在句中作的句子成分很多，但作主语尤为重要，应注意以下几种情况：(1)一些以s结尾的名词。如：maths、physics、news是单数或不可数名词，在句中作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式；但trousers，shoes，glasses等为复数概念，它们在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但a (this)pair of名词复数时，其主语是a(this)pair，故谓语动词应用单数形式。如：Physics is a new subject in Grade Two.物理在初二是一门新科目。My glasses are red. 我的眼镜是红色的。A new pair of pants is on the bed.床上有一条新短裤。(2)表示时间、金钱、距离、价格等名词后加s作主语时，应视为一个整体，故谓语动词用单数形式。如：Twenty dollars is enough. 20美元足够了。Three months is a short time. 三个月很短。(3)family，class，police等作主语时，若表示整体概念，谓语动词用第三人称单数；当表示其中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Her family is moving to Liaoning next week.她家下周要搬到辽宁去。Her family are having supper now.她的家人正在吃晚饭。(4)the姓氏名词复数(后加s)表示“一家”或“夫妇”，在句中作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。如：The Greens are Americans.格林一家是美国人。(5)neither单数名词或neither of复数名词，在句中作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，如：Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。Neither of the boys often goes to the zoo on Sundays.星期天两个男孩都不经常去动物园。(6)主语后跟with，except，together with，as well as等短语时，谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致，而不受这些短语的影响。如：Mr Li with his students is discussing the math problem.李老师和他的学生在讨论数学题。All the girls except Mary are drawing in the classroom.除了玛丽以外所有的女生都在教室里画画。(7)兼有双重身份的人作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。A writer and worker often gives us a talk on Sundays.一位工人作家经常在星期天给我们做报告。(8)主语和谓语的就近一致。就近一致即指谓语的人称和数与靠近它的那个主语保持一致。有下面几种情况：在there be 句型中或以here开头的句子中，谓语动词be应与后面的名词保持一致，当后面的名词不止一个时，be应和其最靠近的名词的人称和数保持一致。如：There are twentytwo boys and twenty girls in our class.我们班有22名男生和20名女生。There is a car and two jeeps behind the house.房子后有一辆小汽车和两辆吉普车。Here are two oranges and some milk.这里有两个橘子和一些牛奶。either.or.(或者或者)；neither.nor.(既不也不)；.or.(或者)；not only.but also.(不但而且)等平等结构，连接并列主语时谓语动词的人 称和数应和与之靠近的一个主语保持一致。如：Either you or he has to go shopping this afternoon.今天下午或者是你或者是他必须去购物。Neither he nor we are students now.他和我们现在都不是学生了。both.and.连接两个主语时，谓语用复数形式。如：Both he and she do well in English.他和她都擅长英语。2名词作定语(1)名词作定语，一般用单数形式。如：girl students(女学生) paper flowers(纸花)(2)名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。如：sports meeting (运动会)中考试题分析：1、I'm not sure about the meaning of the word. You'd better look it up in a _.Aletter Bdictionary Cpostcard Dnotice解析：letter“书信”，dictionary“字典、词典”，postcard“卡片”，notice“布告”，根据题意“我不知道这个词语的意思，你最好查词典。”所以答案选B。2、What's your job, Henry?I'm a _. I work late. I'm very busy when people go out to dinners.Awaiter Breporter Cteacher Dnurse3、_ mothers can't go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business.AAlice and Lily's BAlice's and Lily's CAlice's and Lily解析：考查名词所有格。A选项是指他们共有的母亲；B选项表示她们各自的母亲；C选项没有这种表达形式，首先排除。由句意可知，这里指的是她们各自的母亲，因此答案为B。3、Whose computer doesn't work?_， I think.AJohn has BJohn does CJohn DJohn's4、It's said that more than 100 _ will attend this meeting in Shanghai.Aman teachers Bwoman teachersCmen teachers Dwomans teachers解析：考查名词修饰名词。名词修饰名词变复数时前一个名词一般用单数，但woman和man修饰名词变复数时man和woman以及后面的名词都要变成复数。因此选C。练习：一、单项选择(30分)1Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?Sorry, I know nothing about him. We are _.Afriends BneighborsCclassmates Dstrangers2、I don't think looking after children is just（不仅仅是） _ work.Awoman Bwoman's Cwomen Dwomen's3、Why are you still waiting in line?I've missed my _.Aplace Border Cturn Dtime（“你为什么仍然在排队？”“我错过了我的一次机会了。”place “地方”； order “顺序”； turn“(依次轮流时各自的)一次机会”； time“时间”。通过句意可知，只有C项符合题意，故答案为C。）4、Lily has a silk _. Listen, she is singing in the next room!How nice!Alook Bnoise Cvoice（look可数名词，意思“相貌，样子，外表”，常用复数形式；noise 不可数名词，意思“噪杂声，吵闹声”；voice，可数名词，意思“嗓音，说话声”。故选择C）5、I hear you have to run for half an hour every day.Right. It is one of the _ in my school.Achoices Bplans Chobbies Drules（句子意思是“我听说你每天必须跑步半小时。”“是的，这是我们学校的规则之一。”choices“选择”；plans“计划”；hobbies“爱好”；rules“规则”。所以选择答案D。）6、 It's said that you have moved into a new house.Yeah, and we need to buy some _ in the mall nearby.Afood Bfurniture Chamburger7、_ mothers can't go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business.AAlice and Lily's BAlice's and Lily's CAlice's and LilyA选项是指她们共有的母亲；B选项表示她们各自的母亲；C选项没有这种表达形式，首先排除。由句意可知，这里指的是她们各自的母亲，因此答案为B。8、When I was a student, I liked to sit in the front of the classroom so that I could see the words more clearly on the _.Ablackboard Bdesk Cdictionary Dpostcard9、Which is the mascot of Shanghai Exposition(世界博览会)?A. B. C.（句中mascot指的是“吉祥物”，当然是A。）10、How far is your home from school? It's about two _ walk.Ahour's Bhours Chours'（名词所有格的用法。两小时的路程表达法是“two hours' walk”， hour需要复数后加“'”，故选C。）11、I'm not sure about the meaning of the word. You'd better look it up in a _.Aletter Bdictionary Cpostcard Dnotice（letter“书信”；dictionary“字典、词典”；postcard“卡片”；notice“布告”，根据题意“我不知道这个词语意思，你最好查词典”，所以答案选B。）12、Whose computer doesn't work?_， I think.AJohn has BJohn does CJohn DJohn's（“谁的计算机出毛病啦？”“约翰的，我想。”故答语应用名词所有格形式，所以答案应选D。）13、What's your job, Henry?I'm a _. I work late. I'm very busy when people go out to dinners.Awaiter Breporter Cteacher Dnurse（句意为“你是干什么工作的，亨利？”“我是个，我工作很晚，当人们出来吃饭的时候我非常忙。”waiter“侍者”；reporter“报道员”；teacher“教师”；nurse“护士”，根据句意，答案应选A。）14、You can get much _ about the world expo on the Internet.Amap Bpicture Cticket Dinformation（考查不可数名词的用法。由题干中的much知，其后应接不可数名词；A、B、C三项均为可数名词，故选D。）15、Let's get some _ about tourism on the Internet.Ainformation Bmessage Cinvention（让我们在网上找一些旅游的信息吧）16、Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do?I'm afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.Achoice Bdecision Creason Dinformation（根据上一句的have missed the last bus和but to take a taxi可知是别无选择。句意是“哎，天啊，我们已经错过了最后一班车，我们应该怎么办呢？”“我想我们除了乘出租车别无选择了。”）17、Good morning, madam. Can I help you?Sure, I'd like _ for cooking vegetables.Atwo cups of tea Bthree pieces of breadCone bowl of dumplings Dfive kilos of oil（“做菜用”的原料只能选D）18、I hear you have to get up early every morning.Right. It's one of the_ in my family.Aplans BordersCrules Dsuggestions（“每天不得不早起”是“家规”之一，故选C）19、Two_ died in the accident._terrible it is!Apolicemen; How Bpoliceman; WhatCpolice; What Dpolicemans; How（考查名词复数和感叹句的知识，警察的复数是policemen，terrible是形容词，故用how来引导感叹句，因此选A。）20、Connie took off her_. She wanted to feel the grass with her feet.Ashoes and socks Bshirt and pantsCcap and gloves Dsweater and jacket（“她想用脚感觉草地”可知，她脱掉的是“鞋和袜子”，故选A）21、Do you know the woman over there?Yes. She's _aunt.ALily and Lucy BLily's and Lucy'sCLily's and Lucy DLily and Lucy's22、After playing football for more than half an hour, the students took_ rest.Aa few minute's Ba few minutes'Ca little minute's Da little minutes'（minute是可数名词由a few来修饰且要用复数形式，结尾以s结尾时，所有格直接加'。句意是“踢了半个小时的球后，学生们休息了几分钟。）23、Where are the_？They are playing_ basketball on the playground.Aman teachers; the Bmen teachers; theCman teachers; / Dmen teachers; /（man作定语时，两个名词都要变复数； 球类娱乐的短语中，球类之前不可用冠词，故选D。句意是“男老师在哪儿？”“他们正在操场上打篮球。”）24、Betty has a beautiful_. She can sing very well.Avoice Blook Csound Dsmell（根据“she can sing very well”可知她的声音很好，人的声音用voice。句意是“贝蒂的声音好，她可以唱得非常好。）25、Oh, there isn't enough_ for us on the bus.No hurry. Let's wait for the next one.Afloor Bground Croom Dplace（根据on the bus和答句可知是没有足够的空间够我们用了。句意是“哎呀，公共汽车上我们没有足够的空间了。”“别着急，让我们等下一趟吧。）26、What _ do you have for Paul?I think he should study harder than before.Anews Badvice Chelp Dinformation（本题题意为“对于Paul你有什么建议吗？”“我认为他应该比以前更加努力学习一些。”news“新闻，消息”；advice“建议”；help“帮助”；information“信息”，由题意及解析可知答案为B。）27、Well, you look so happy!Because I got a good _.Awork Bnews Cjob（work不可数名词；news不可数名词；job可数名词，由不定冠词a可知答案为C。）28、I saw many _ eating grass on the hill.Ahorse Bcow Crabbit Dsheep（many后跟名词复数，A，B，C都不是复数，sheep单复数相同，故答案选D）29、It's hot. Let's have some _.Awine BporridgeCice cream Dstrawberries（句意为“天气热，让我们吃些冰淇淋吧。”故答案选C。）30. There are twenty _ in my class.Aboy student Bboy students Cboys students Dboys student二、根据句意及所给汉语意思写出所缺单词(15分)1.I usually have a piece of _(面包)and some milk for breakfast.(bread)2. Boys and girls, please take out your_(钢笔) and write down the new words.（pens）3.Both of my best friends were born in _(十月)（October）4. The camera was one of the greatest _(发明) in the 19th century. （inventions）5.How many times do you brush your_(牙齿) every day?(teeth)6、Please tell me the_(胜利者) telephone number. I want to interview him.（winners）7、There are many fresh_(土豆) in the supermarket.（potatoes）8、Sandy is so careful that she seldom makes_(错误) in her homework.（mistakes）9、Thank you very much for your_(邀请). But I'm so sorry that I can't come to your party tomorrow.（invitation）10、Chocolate is usually the_(孩子们) favourite food.（children's）11、ake a short rest after two_(小时) hard work, and you won't feel too tired.（hourss）12、Great_(变化) have taken place in our hometown. (句中的谓语动词是have taken place，因此主语要用复数changes)13、Many students like listening to_(音乐)very much.14、There are a lot of old _(工厂) in our city.（factories）15、A powerful earthquake hit Wenchuan in _(西南方), China's Sichuan Province on May 12th.（表示“偏方向”时，先说南北，再说东西，故西南方为southwest。）三、根据句意及所给首字母补全单词(19分)1、New Year is a traditional f_ for Chinese people. New Year和traditional（可知是节日。句意是“新年对中国人来说是传统的节日。”festival）2. Tomorrow is my cousin's birthday. I'm going to buy a g_ for her.（gift）3. If there's something wrong with your teeth，you'd better go to see a d_.（dentist）4、Your parents are your f_ and mother.5. W_ is the coldest season of the year.6. We don't go to the c_ much for movies because we have a video.( 根据movies可知是cinema。句意是“我们不经常去电影院看电影，因为我们有一个录像机。”cinema)7. Miss Qin is a good t_. She teaches English well.8. He is writing on the blackboard with a piece of c_.( Chalk)When summer comes, day becomes longer and n_ becomes shorter.9. When summer comes, day becomes longer and n_ becomes shorter.( night)10.P_ are my favourite animals and they live only in China.( Pandas)11.Would you like to see the movie with me? I've got two t_.( tickets)12. Mary is such a shy girl that it's hard for her to sing in p_. (public)13. In the north of China, autumn is the best s_ of a year.( season)14. Look at the flowers! They are in different c_： red, yellow, pink.( colors)15. Bill wants to buy a new jacket because his old one is out of s_.( style)16. England is a country in E_.( Europe)17. Don't smoke here. Look at the sign. It says “No S_”( 根据句意可知是别抽烟，no的后面要接名词或动名词，故用smoking。句意是“别抽烟，看那个标志牌。写着别抽烟。”)18. F_ is very important to us. Everyone needs friends.( Friendship)专心-专注-专业
