科普英语竞赛辅导-科普阅读的方法与实例(共14页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上科普英语竞赛辅导资料 英语科普阅读的方法与实例 一、考点描述科普类文章是 英语的常考题材,每年 都有所涉及,如2005年的江苏卷在五篇阅读文章中就有两篇是关于科普文章的阅读。因此,同学们在平时的学习中一定要对此引起高度的重视。二、材料特点这类文章的总体特点是:科技词汇多,句子结构复杂,理论性强,逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下几个特点:1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明,不带感情色彩,具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法,一词多义的现象也不多见。2. 句子结构较复杂,语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物,严密地表达自己的思想,作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。3. 常使用被动语态,尤其是一些惯用被动句式。三、命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等,其中推理判断题居多。四、应对策略1. 要想做好科普英语阅读理解题,同学们就要注意平时多读科普知识类文章,学习科普知识,积累常见的科普词汇,从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2. 要熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(Headlines),导语(Introductions),背景( Background),主体(Main body)和结尾(Ends)五部分构成。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括,但根据历年的 真题情况来看,这类阅读理解材料一般不给标题,而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述。这一部分命题往往最多,因此,阅读时,同学们要把这部分作为重点。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括,并与导语相呼应,命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3. 在进行推理判断时,同学们一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据,同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。五、真题赏析江苏卷Animals can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack, it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines(刺) that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material; eating such grasses wears down the animal毛虫多刺的) leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous venom (毒液). A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future.68. The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most animals_.A. are not tall enough B. like the lower leaves onlyC. are not clever enough D. can get the lower leaves easily69. To defend themselves, oak trees use_.A. chemoak treesical means B. physical meansC. bitter chemicals D. sandy materials70. How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar?A. Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.B. Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.C. Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.D. Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.71. What would be the best title for this passage?A. Plants and Animals B. How Plants Defend ThemselvesC. Attacks and Defenses D. How Animals Eat Plant Leaves【答案与解析】本文主要介绍一些植物是如何通过物理和化学的方式保护自己不受外界侵害的。68. D。事: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">2段最后一句the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach可知答案。69. B。推理判断题。根据第3段中的oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat可推知,又厚又硬的树叶属于植物自我保护的物理手段。70. C。推理判断题。根据第四段可知,tobacco保护自己不受毛虫侵害的办法是产生更多的nicotine。71. B。主旨概括题。因为整篇文章都在讲植物是怎样保护他们自己的,故选B。六、模拟训练 AWalk through the Amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy, warm, damp and thick. But if you had been around 15, 000 years ago, during the last ice age, would it have been the same? For more than 30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazon might have reacted (反应) to the cold, dry cli?mates of the ice ages, but until now, no one has reached a satisfying answer.Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmos?phere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tons of CO2 each year: equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change? If it gets drier, will it still survive and continue to draw down CO2? Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.Unfortunately, getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. To study past climate, scientists need to look at fossilized pollen, kept in lake muds. Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments(沉淀物) which requires specialized equipment and heavy machinery. There are very few roads and paths, or places to land helicopters and aero planes. Rivers tend to the easiest way to enter the forest, but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers com?pletely unsampled (未取样). So far, only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.1. The underlined phrase “mopping up” in the second paragraph means “_”. A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving out2. How will the Amazon rainforest react to future climate change? A. Itll get drier and continue to remove CO2.B. Itll remain steamy, warm, damp and thick. C. Itll get warmer and then colder and drier.D. There is no exact answer up to present.3. Whats the main idea of the last paragraph?A. Its important to drill deep down into lake sediments to collect information. B. Its impossible to prove how climate changes in the Amazon rainforest. C. Its hard to collect information for studies of the past climate in the Amazon rainforest. D. Its necessary to have specialized equipment and machinery to study the past cli?mate.4. The best title for this passage may probably be _.A. Studies of the Amazon B. Climates of the Amazon C. Secrets of the Rainforests D. Changes of the Rainforests 【答案与解析】本文主要介绍了热带雨林对气候的影响。1.B。词义猜测题。根据第二段中的 helping to slow global warming,同时结合化学知识可推知 mopping up 的意思是“吸入”mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。另外,文章中的currently the trees in Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year 也暗示 mop up 和 take in 的意思相同。2. D。事实细节题。根据文章第2段的内容(尤其是最后一句话)尤其是最后一句话可推知此题最佳答案为D。3. C。主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中的So far, only a handful of cores have been drilled 可知,资料收集不是很容易。4. C。主旨大意题。文章主要讲的是亚马孙热带雨林难以预料的变化,所以选C为佳。为佳。(融化的) snow and gathering clouds may be signs of global warming. The average temperature on Earth for last year was the second warmest since written records began 140 years ago.The global average surface temperature in 2001 was 14.42 degrees centigrade, the World Meteorological Organization said. The record, set in 1998, was 14.58 degrees centigrade. “Temperatures are getting hotter, and they are getting hotter faster now than at any time in the past, ” said Michel Jarraud, a WMO official. Carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) produced from burning fuels is the most common of the so-called greenhouse gases. The growing concentration(集中) in the atmosphere of these gases is thought to be warming the Earth. “Most of the causes of global warming are due to human action, ” said Ken Davidson, director of WMOs climate programme department.Every year, large amounts of gases produced by factories, cars and burning trees hold in too much heat and cause global warming. Many scientists believe the warming, if not stopped, will cause extreme climate changes this century. MILY: 'Times NThroughout the world, the spreading of particular diseases and other threats(威胁) to human health depend largely on local climates. Extreme temperatures can directly cause loss of life. Warm temperatures can increase air and water pollution, which in turn can harm human health. In the Earths atmosphere there are tiny amounts of gases called greenhouse gases. These gases hold in the heat that comes up from the sun-warmed Earth. As cities have increased in size and population, factories and industries in the world have grown. People need more and more electricity, cars and other things. So more greenhouse gases have been added to the atmosphere. This causes more heat to be trapped than in the past. This is called the greenhouse effect.1. The subject discussed in the passage is _.A. the growing population of the worldB. the global average surface temperatureC. the increasing greenhouse effect D. the causes of air and water pollution2. According to a WMO official, it is _ that should be blamed for global warming.A. modern factories impressive B. mankindC. carbon dioxide D. burning fuels3. The rising of the earth temperature will finally result in _.A. the spreading of particular diseases B. air and water pollutionC. extreme climate changes D. loss of life4. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Air and water pollution is caused by global warming.B. Greenhouse gases do no good to human beings C. With the air getting hotter, people need more and more electricity, cars and other things.D. The average temperature on Earth for 1998 was the warmest according to written records【答案与解析】本文向我们介绍了由于环境污染而引起的全球变暖的现象。1. C。主旨大意题。本文讨论的是全球变暖的现象,而造成这种现象的原因是温室效应,文章在最后也对温室效应做了解释,故答案为C。2. B。事实细节题。根据第四段中的 most of the causes of global warming are due to human action, said Ken Davidson, director of WMOs climate programme department可知答案为B。3. D。事实细节题。根据第六段中的 Extreme temperatures can directly cause loss of life可知此题的最佳答案为D。4. D。事实细节题。根据第二段中的 The record, set in 1998, was 14.58 degrees centigrade可知答案D正确We have two daughters: Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four. Last Sunday evening, we invited some people home for dinner. I dressed them nicely for the party, and told them that their job was to join Mommy in answering the door when the bell rang. Mommy would introduce them to the guests, and then they would take the guests coats upstairs and put them on the bed in the second bedroom.The guests arrived. I introduced my two daughters to each of them. The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids.Each of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile. They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age. I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because shes the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions.But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child. I was a little worried that Kristen would feel she was being outshined. I was about to serve dinner when I realized that she had been missing for twenty minutes. I ran upstairs and found her in the bedroom, crying.I said, “What are you doing, my dear?”She turned to me with a sad expression and said, “Mommy, why dont people like me the way they like my sister? Is it because Im not pretty? Is that why they dont say le: exactnice things about me as much?”I tried to explain to her, kissing and hugging her to make her feel better.Now, whenever I visit a friends home, I make it a point to speak to the elder child first.1. The underlined expression “make a big to do over”(paragraph 4) means _. A. show much concern about B. have a special effect on C. list jobs to be done for &-line-nbsp; D. do good things for2. The guests praised Kelly for carrying coats upstairs because of her _. A. beautiful hair B. pretty clothes C. lovely smile D. young age3. Kristen felt sad and cried because _. A. the guest gave her more coats to carry B. she didnt look as pretty as Kelly C. the guests praised her sister more than her D. her mother didn【答案与解析】文章主要讲的是在一次聚会上作者的两个女儿Kelly和Kristen的故事。选A。通读全文,根据文章整体内容以及当时聚会上人们对待两个孩子的不同态度,可以推出此题最佳答案为A。2. 选D。根据文章第D3段中的 They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age 可推知此题最佳答案为D。3. 选C。根据文章倒数第 3 段中的 why dont people like me the way they like my sister 可知此题最佳答案为 4. 选D。比较所给的四个选项,再结合文章中所发生的故事,用排除法可知选项D最佳。 三、全真模拟Dorothea Shaw is 71 years old and nearly blind, and she chose to live alone far away from people. She lives in Belizea country the size of Wales with a population only that of Swansea. Her home is at Gales Point, a tiny village which can be reached only by sea or air: after a 10-mile walk into the hills one finally reaches a piece of land and two small houses so hidden in the thick over-grown forest that only a handful of people know Dorothea is there. She lives happily and totally alone growing her vegetables, looking after her trees and dogs, cats and chickens. Once a month or so an old friend passed by with her food supplies and lettersusually including a letter from her sister in Scunthorpe and some bits of clothing from friends in Canada. Sometimes a local man will come and cut wood for her and a group of British soldiers will come across her and be greeted with the offer of a cup of coffee. At night she lies in her tiny sleeping room with the dogs on the floor, the cats on the table near the typewriter and one of the hens settled down in a corner of the bookshelf, and listens for hours to any Spanish, English, German or French broadcasts she can find on her radio. Sometimes she gets lonely but most of the time the animals and the radio are company enough. But recently the very things she had tried to get free from so well have begun to catch up with her. The peace of the forest has been destroyed by the noise of earth moving machines not many miles away. What she once only heard of distantly on the radio is now on her doorstep. Things began to change 3 years ago. The new main north-south road in Belize was cut through the forest only four or five miles away. “Now more and more people know Im here, ” she says, “I feel more and more uneasy each day.” 1. This passage mainly tells us _. A. how Dorothea lives alone in a lonely place B. why Dorothea lives in such a lonely placeC. what kind of place Dorothea lives in D. what kind of person Dorothea is2. Dorothea spends a lot of her time _. A. growing vegetables B. raising chickensC. talking with the soldiers D. listening to the radio3. We can infer that Dorothea lives a _ life. A. wealthy and happy B. simple and easyC. hard but happy D. wealthy but uneasy 4. What makes Dorothea feel more and more uneasy?A. She is becoming older and older. B. Something is wrong with her eyes. C. The peace of the forest has been destroyed. D. Her living supplies are getting shorter and shorter. 【答案与解析】本文主要讲述一位老人在一偏僻的地方过着清静的生活,但最近这里将修建一条新路,老人因此感到不安。1.选A。通读全文可知,文章主要讲的是这位老人如何一个人过着安静清闲的生活,因此最佳答案为A。通读全文可知,文章主要讲的是这位老人如何一个人过着安静清闲的生活,因此最佳答案为。2. 选D。根据第3段最后一句话 Sometimes she gets lonely but most of the time the animals and the radio are company enough可知答案为D。3. 选B。根据文章最后一句话she says “I feel more and more uneasy each day.” 可知她原来的生活是简单而快乐的,所以答案选B。4. 选C。根据 The new main north-south road in Belize was cut through the forest only four or five miles away. “Now more and more people know Im here, ” she says, “I feel more and more uneasy each day.” 可知这与