中世纪和文艺复兴时期的教育差别(共4页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上The Differences Betweenthe Middle Ages and the Ranaisance on EducationMost pepople regard the Middle Ages as a dark period. Because people in that time did everything for God who was the center of peoples life. They had to obey the religious priciples so that they could go to Heaven after they died. As Church standed for God, it controled peoples mind and taught them to believe in God completely. As the government didnt care about education,so the churches played the role of primary and middle schools.The priests taught children to read and write,but their major purpose was to teach children to believe in God.So the most important textbook was Bible and teaching method was simple which corporal publishment is allowed. Beacause people thought they had sin. Retrain and publishment were the major characters of the education of the Middle Ages.However, there were still two kinds of secular education: palace schools and knight schools. Palace schools were established for aristocracy. They learned seven arts: grammar rhetoric, dialectical, count, geometry, astronomical, music and religion. Knight education was a special family education. Kninghts learned“seven skills(riding, swimming, throw spears, art, fencing, hunting, recite poems and chess-playing )” to serve their host and noble lady better. When they were 21 years old, they could get knight title officially through the awarding ceremony.In the 12th century ,with the development of economy and establishment of Feudal system, the Middle Ages universities occured. That was an beginning of Ranaisance education. For example, Gazalai Univesity established in south Itality in 1137. Except for Gazalai University, several universities were built in England and France.For example, Oxford University was built in 1168 and Cambrige University was built in 1209. Paris Univesity was the first university that was built in France.It was a seminary. Till the end of 13th century, there were more than 20 universities in Europe. The earlist universities had some similar features: 1) Students advocated to establish universities. 2) Universities had a lot of self-authorities. 3) Moving teaching .4) Lesson contents were uncertain.5) Focusing on the improvement of comprehension of students.The Middle Ages Universities could be devided into 4 types: the college of liberal arts, law school, medical school and theological seminary. Seminary was in the highest standard in 11th -12th century with the developing of economy and western cities were rebuilt. Ctizen class was consisted of handicraft workers and merchants which were the predecessor of the capiltalist class. Citien class fighted for their profits and they built schools to realize their goals. A kind of new schools occured-city schools. For example, handicraft industry guild built guild schools and businessman association built schools. City schools broke the control of churchs in education and increased the content of education. During the 14th -16th century, due to the development of handicraft industry and business, the bud of capitalism promoted. At that time, decadenting feudal forces and the power of religion hindered the development of productive forces. The new bourgeoisie fight aginst feudal rulers with a bitter struggle. The struggle which reflectes in culture and education is the great Renaissance movement. It is the second culture peak period after the ancient Greek and Roman Times.The Renaissance bourgeoisie advocated humanistic education which required the liberation of personality, to restore the value of human, to develop the human ability and to free the control of people's world outlook. The reformation of humanistic educations main features were reflected in the following aspects: 1. In the education target: it opposed clergy education and proposed the harmonious development both in body and mind and personality for training goal. It asked schools to pay attention to sports in order to cultivate teenagers healthy body, to care about the aesthetic education to improve students aesthetic ability and to concerned with science education and moral education.2. In the object of cultivation: it expanded the education object and emphasised the respect and concern for children3. In the education content: it encouraged humanistic knowledge instead of the knowledge of Shinto.With the influence of Renaissance Movemen, the Religion Revolution occured in 16th which was regarded as the continuation of it in religion.The revolutions of religion didnt mean to abolish the religion,but to renew it.In Religion Revolution,the new religion were divided into many different parts. Among them, however, Lutheranism, Calvinism and England Sectarianism had the most influence on people. The education ideas of Luther Group were that people can obtain a new life from their genuine beliefs and claimed that all the believers were priest. Luther thought that the goverment should control the schools instead of the churches. The goverment should be the very person who carry out the compulsory education. As the same, Calvins thoughts was that people born with t sin. A person who didnt get educations would surely to fall and the belief of God wasnt innate. His ideas had great influence on social life.During the height of Religion Revolution, encountered with the criticize of it which opposed Roman Catholicism, the Vatican in Roman began to defend it ,which called “anti-religion revolution”. Though the Catholicism education absorbed a lot of things from humanism education, the fatal weakness of it was that they wanted to rebuilt the control of Catholicism in Europe. That was a setback of society, so it doomed to be abandoned by history.专心-专注-专业