名词复数变化规则(共3页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上名词复数变化1. 一般情况下加s mapmaps 2. s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加 -esbusbuses 【stomach(胃)-stomachs;epoch(新时期)-epochs】3. 以y结尾的名词,变复数时 a. 以辅音字母+y, 变y 为i 加es babybabies b. 专有名词或元音字母+y, 直接加stwo Marys, monkeys 【Dry禁酒论者-drys , standby 后备人员-standbys】 4. 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时a. 加s, photophotos b. 加es,Negro, hero, potato, tomato, volcano, tornado, torpedo, veto, mosquito,5. 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时 a. 去f或fe 加ves,halfhalves b. 加s,gulf/cliff/roof/grief chief/belief/proof/safe +S 6. 名词复数的不规则变化 a. manmen womanwomen childchildren footfeet toothteethgoosegeese mousemice louse - lice ox - oxenb. an Englishmantwo Englishmen. 【但German-Germans,human-humans】*c. 外来名词:criterioncriteria(标准);phenomenonphenomena(现象);analysisanalyses(分析);basisbases(基础);crisiscrises(危机);thesistheses(论文);bacteriumbacteria(细菌);Medium media(媒介物); 7. 单复同形名词deer, sheep, fish, shark, giraffe, buffalo, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Swedish, Danish, means, series, species, aircraft, staff, li, jin, yuan, two li, three mu, four jin除了中国度量衡和货币之外,美元,英镑,法郎等都有复数形式。the English, the Chinese,表示国民总称时,谓语用复数。【-ese, -ish结尾的国家人单复同形。】2 pieces of fish 2 fish2 fishes2 pieces of glass2 glasses2 pairs of glassespenny(便士)pence (价值)Pennies(个数)8. 集体名词A单数类集体名词:意思为复数,但谓语用单数humanity 人类clothing 衣服glassware 玻璃器具machinery 机械mankind 人类equipment 设备jewelry 珠宝poetry 诗baggage 行李furniture 家具luggage 行李pottery 陶器B复数类集体名词:以单数形式出现,但实为复数,谓语用复数。 faculty, poultry, folk, people, police等本身就是复数,谓语动词复数。不能说 a people和a police,但可以说a person和a policeman 【a peopletwo peoples】C单复同形类集体名词谓语单复数由意思决定army; audience; bacteria; cast; class, committee; community; company; council; crew; data; enemy; family; flock; gang; government; group; herd; jury; media; navy; opposition; police; press; public; staff ; team; youth 单数:My family is big family. 复数:His family are all music lovers.9. 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词 a. maths,politics,physics学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 d. 某些疾病mumps 腮腺炎 measles 麻疹e. 活动名称billiards /cards /darts10. -表示由两部分构成的东西 -以ing结尾的词 -其他复数如:glasses, trousers, clothes, slippers 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair; suit,a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers。谓语单复数取决于数量词pair单复数。belongings; surroundings; doings; earnings; findings; savings;contents; arms; fireworks; wages; forces; remains; valuables; stairs; sweets11. 复合名词的复数a. 由man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式前后都变复数Woman teacherwomen teachers b. 中间无连字号也没间隔的复合名词变复数,将最后一个名词变复数 housewifehousewives; greenhousegreenhousec. 中间有连字符号或间隔的复合名词,将主要的词变成复数passer-bypassers-by; mother-in-lawmothers-in-lawd. 复合名词中的单词没有名词时,则在最后一个单词的词尾+s go-betweengo-betweens, has-beenhas-beens (过时的人或物)12. 用复数的固定词组thanks to; give regards to; take pains; with best wishes; have words with; in high spirits; in all directions; shake hands with sb; make preparations for; make friends with; congratulations (to sb) on (doing) sth常见的不可数名词有:-物质/材料:air; beancurd; beef; blood; bread; butter; chalk; chicken; chocolate; cloth; coal; coffee; corn; cream; daylight; cotton; dirt; dust; energy; cheese; fibre; fog; food; fruit; flesh; four; glass; gold; grain; grass; hair; honey; iron; kerosene; lightning; meat; milk; money; moustache; mud; music; mutton; hay; oxygen; paper; pork; porridge; powder; rain; ice; rubbish; salt; sauce; silver; steam; steel; storage; sugar; sunrise; sweat; thirst; thunder; water; wheat; wind; wood; wool; soap; vinegar; wine; soup; baggage; clothing; furniture; luggage; jewelry; equipment; electricity; homework;-抽象:time; noise; information; knowledge; progress; trouble; fun; courage; luck;patience;poverty; wealth;traffic;waste;quality; advice; attention; business; citizenship; danger; darkness; death; depth; damage; comfort; education; disappointment;experience(经验); freedom; future, goodness, graduation; grammar; happiness; health; hunger; imagination; importance; justice; kindness; luck; measure; labour; humor; permission; pressure; practice; pleasure; population; sickness; smoking; sorrow; starvation; treatment; truth; use; willingness; wisdom; weather; work; housework; pollution; *【牢记以下纯不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用:weather, fun, space(太空), advice, word=news, progress, information, news】不可数名词也可以直接加-s等表示复数,但它的意义也有所变化,用来指一些具体的事物。-Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) -These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)-This factory produces steel. 这个工厂生产钢铁。(不可数) -We need various steels. 我们需要各种钢材。(可数)-Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。(不可数) -Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。(可数)water(水) - waters(水域),sea(海) - seas(海域)sand(沙子) - sands(沙漠) wood(木头) - woods(树林)damage(毁坏) - damages(赔偿金) good(好处) - goods(货物) time(时间) - times(时代)custom(风俗) - customs(海关)minute(分钟) - minutes(记录)manner(态度) - manners(礼貌) exercise(锻炼) - exercises(体操、练习)paper(纸) - papers(文件)character(性格)- characters(汉字、符号) advice(建议) - advices(通知) force(力量) - forces(军队)return(回来) - returns(统计表) green(绿色) - greens(青菜)light(光) - lights(灯) iron(铁) - irons(熨斗)glass(玻璃) - glasses(玻璃杯)freedom (自由) -four freedoms (特指“四大自由”)necessity(必要性) - necessities(生活必需品)modernization (现代化) - the four modernizations (特指“四个现代化”)spirit(精神) - in high spirits(情绪)custom(习俗) - customs(海关)experience(经验) - experiences(经历)l *修饰可数名词不可数名词的词或短语只修饰可数名词的词或短语:Many;several;few /a few; a great(good) many; a number of; a large(great) number of; (large/great) numbers of 只修饰不可数名词的词或短语:Much little a great amount of a little a bit of a good(great) deal of 修饰可数名词和不可数名词的词或短语:Some enough most a lot of lots of plenty of Much too + adj v.s too much + nl *可转化为可数名词的抽象名词抽象名词一般为不可数名词,不能和冠词连用,但以下这些抽象名词加a/an 表示具体的事物或人honour; death; pleasure; success; failure; comfort; surprise; worry; beauty; wonder; envy; shock; shame; regret; joy; danger; shame; pity; experience; l 抽象名词部分A man of sense=a sensible man;of wealth=a wealthy man;of experience=an experienced;of courage=a courageous 1. Of+抽象名词=相应的形容词2. of + 表示大小、长短、深度、高度、年龄、颜色、材料We are of the same age. The two dresses are of different materials.3. in + height/ length/ size/ width/ depthThe lake is about 60 meters in depth. The rope is 10 meters in length. 4. by the hour/ by the dozenWe are paid by the hour. Energy is measured in calories. 5. with/ in / by/ on + (great + )抽象名词 = (very +)副词I met Lisa by accident (=accidentally) in London. 6.l 不可数名词的计量形式:不可数名词没有词形变化,需要计量时,可用of连接相应的表量单位词,并加以数词和变表量单位词为复数的形式来表示 a glass of water a piece of bread two glasses of water four pieces of breadv 但现代英语中,单位词的用法有变化two coffees(= two cups of coffee); two ices(= two pieces of ice)不可数名词表量的形式 chalk a cake of soap jewellery a drop of water news a fit of anger bread a lump of sugar furniture a slice of cake equipment a glass of wine a piece of luggage a suit of clothes information a sack of flour advice an article of furniture clothing a bar of chocolate paper a loaf of bread mail a burst of laughter名词的性阳性+ ess, ine等表阴性actor - actress; prince - princesswaiter - waitress; hero - heroinehost - hostess; emperor - empressauthor - authoress; poet - poetess以er, or结尾表主动;以ee结尾表被动trainer - trainee; employer - employeeexaminer - examinee; tester - testeeinterviewer - interviewee; investigator - investigatee; promisor(立约者) - promisee(守约者)专心-专注-专业