虚拟语气练习题及答案解析(共25页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上虚拟语气讲解与练习黄志刚2013.10.一. 简介² 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。² 虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气² 在什么情况下用虚拟语气? 在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或表示某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。二. 虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句真：If he doesnt hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实条件状语)（不是虚拟语气）If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories. 如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实条件状语）（不是虚拟语气） 非真：If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。 （非真实条件状语从句）If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（非真实条件状语从句）2、用法及动词形式1. 表示与现在事实相反的情况，例：If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱） If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力）2. 表示与过去事实相反的情况 例：If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 3. 表示对将来情况的主观推测 例： 1.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 （事实：来的可能性很小） 2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：不知能否下雪） 3.If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。(在表示建议、命令、要求等含义的宾语从句，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，"should动词原形"构成，should 可省略。) 4. 有时，主句和条件状语从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。 从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄稼会长得更好。 If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他一直努力工作的话，他现在已进了办公室了。 5. 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即将were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 6. 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without., but for.等 But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。 Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。 We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。 7. 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。 省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。 You could have passed this exam. 你应该能通过这次考试了。 省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。 If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。、虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood)的其他用法1. 虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句a、 表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 eg. I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你) b、 表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done(动词过去分词） eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。（事实：原来不知道） c、 表示将来难以实现的愿望，谓语动词：should/would + 动词原形 eg. I wish I should have a chance again.我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了） (注：if only和as if/as though也有相同用法）2. 虚拟语气用在目的状语从句中1. 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略 She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。 2. 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。 He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。 He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。3. 虚拟语气的其他用法 一坚持(insist)，二命令(order、 command)，三建议(advice、suggest、 propose)，四要求(demand、require、request、desire.)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。 如：He suggested that we (should) take the teachers advice He insisted that we (should) take the teachers advice He demand that we (should) take the teachers advice He ordered that we (should) take the teachers advice 注：insist如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。 如：He insist he is a student. 他坚持说他是个学生。（这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。） suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。 如： His face suggests that he looks worried .他的表情暗含着他很担心。（这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。） 表情绪、观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气。如:necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity等。句型：It is.that 结构后的主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型或只用动词原型。 4. 在even if、even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。 5. 在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如： We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。 We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲 We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。 6. 一般would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： 表示发生的时间虚拟语气结构：过去：had + 过去分词现在：过去时(be 用were )将来：过去时(be 用were ) 如：Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。 Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。 Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我们倒想你明天去那儿7. 虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形，即从句用虚拟过去式。如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。 It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。 8. 简单句中的虚拟语气 （1） 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 原形动词。如：Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗？You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。I should agree with you. 我应该同意你的观点。（2） 表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他”。如：May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。 May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。（3） 表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如： Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁。God bless us. 上帝保佑。（4） 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。 提出请求或邀请。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗？ 陈述自己的观点或看法。如：I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。 提出劝告或建议。如：Youd better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。 提出问题。如：Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗？Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？ 表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。如：You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。You should have returned it to him. 你应该把它还给他了。 虚拟语气概念。虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式， 用来表达说话人的愿望，意图，建议，惊奇，设想等未能实现的情况，以及在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。II.虚拟语气的特点：1. 虚拟语气表达的是与客观现实相反的观念。2. 虚拟语气常由一个表示条件的从句和一个主句构成。3. 由于虚拟语气中条件从句中的条件是与客观事实相反，因此其主句的结论也只能是想象的，非真实的。4. 虚拟语气的特点决定了它句中动词形式的使用与真实句中的动词形式的是不同的。同时，虚拟语气受时间的制约，分成以下三种句式：1） 与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。2） 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气3） 与将来事实相反的虚拟语气III.   在不同时间下，虚拟语气的三种形式，公式。I.与现在事实相反 were might if+主语+ 过去式动词 would 过去式助动词 ， 主语+ could + V should II.与过去事实相反 might would + have + 过去分词If +主语+had +过去分词, 主语 + could Should III.与将来事实相反 were might if + 主语+ 过去式助动词 were to +v 主语+ would + V should + v. could 注：1、虚拟语气中助动词be一律用were，不用was。 2、在与将来事实相反的虚拟语气中，“if主语should +表示可能的假设1.与现在事实相反） If I had a car, I should be very happy.= I should be very happy if I had a car, but I havent a car. 2) If I were a bird, I could fly. = I could fly if I were a bird, but I am not a bird, so I cant fly. 3) I he took his teachers advice, he might pass the exam. = He might pass the exam if he took his teachers advice, but he doesnt take his teachers advice, so he doesn't pass the exam. 4) If it werent raining, we should go for a picnic. = We should go for a picnic if it werent raining, but it is raining. 题例：1) 1)       If my father _ here now, he _ tell me what to do. A. A.  were, would B were, will C is, would D is , will2) 2)       If I _ a bee, I _ work much harder. A were, would B were, shall C had, will D have, should3) 3)       If I _ much money, I _ buy a house. A have, will B had, should C had, will D have, should4) 4)       He _ learn more quickly if he _ harder. A will, work B would, worked C would, work D will , worked5) 5)       If I _ you, I _ do that. A was, wouldnt B were, wouldnt C am , wont D were, wont Key: AABBB2.与过去事实相反例：1) If I had known her telephone number, I would have called her. = I would have called her if I had known her telephone number, but I didn't know her telephone number, so I didnt call her. 2) If you had come ten minutes earlier, you could have met that famous film star. = You could have met that famous film star if you had come ten minutes earlier, but you didnt come ten minutes earlier, so you didn't see that famous film star.3) If I had realized the importance of English study, I should have worked much harder. = I should have worked much harder if I had realized the importance of English study, but I didnt realize the importance of English study, so I didn't work harder. 题例：1) 1)  If you _ the doctors advice, you would have recognized already. A. followed B would follow C follow D had followed2) 2)  If my lawyer _ here last Saturday, he _ me from going. A had been , would have prevented B had been, would preventC were, would prevent D were, would have prevented3) 3)  I _ if she _ me. A would have overslept , didnt call B would have overslept, hadnt called C overslept, hadn't called D would overslept, didnt call4) 4)  - If he _, he _that food.-Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A was warned, would not take B had been warned, would not have taken C would be warned, had not taken D would have been warned, had not taken5) 5)  She _ to the party if she _ invited. A would have gone, had been B would go , was C would have gone, was D has goneKey: DABBA3.与将来事实相反例：1） If I were to be twenty years old, I would take the course of computer science. = I would take the course of computer science if I were to be twenty years old, but I am not twenty years old, so I will not take the course of computer science. 2) If I did /should do/were to do that , she would feel very surprised. =She would feel very surprised if I did/should do/were to do that, but I dont do that, so she will not feel surprised. 3) If I failed, I would try again. = I would try again if I failed, but if I doesnt fail, I will not try again.题例：1) 1)  Its quite impossible that it will rain tomorrow. But if it _, I would still go to the park. A should rain B would rain C rained D had rained2) 2)  I dont think that I shall fail. But if I _, I would try again. A should fail B would fail C failed D had failed 3) 3)  _ tomorrow, what should we do?A If it rains B. Should it rain C. Would it rain D. Were it rainingKey: AAB注：书面语中， “if”虚拟语气倒装形式的使用： 如果“if”从句中含有 “were, had”或“should”时， 则可省略连词“if”，而把“were, had ”或“should” 移至主语之前。例：1) Were I you (=I were you ), I would .2) Had they not come last time (=If they had not come last time), we would have done.3) Should it rain tomorrow (= If it should rain tomorrow), she would 注: 1.某些动词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气。1. 1.在动词 suggest, insist, order, command, require, request , demand 等后面的宾语从句中， 动词形式一般用 “should + 动词原形，或省略should用动词原形，用以表示一种建议，劝说， 命令， 要求的语气。 例：）The teacher suggested we (should )finish that task at the end of next week. 2) 2)       The officer ordered that the enemy (should ) be surrounded in the village before daylight. 3) 3)       His uncle insists that he (should ) go to the most well-known university instead of some common ones. 注意：1) 在Its suggested /ordered /required/demanded/decided/necessary/important等结构的主语从句中， 或suggestion, order, idea等词的同位语从句和表语从句中， 也应用should +动词原形， 或省略should ， 以适合于说话人所表示的建议或要求， 命令的语气。 例：a. Its suggested that a modern hotel (should) be set up at the front of the hill. b. The general gave the order that the bridge (should ) be destroyed before 5 oclock in the morning. c. It's necessary /important that every party member (should ) take the lead and work well. 2)当suggest的主语不指人，而是指某一现象时，同时宾语从句不表示建议，而是暗示一种情况，这时宾语从句不用should +动词原形，而应根据内容而选择正确的时态。Insist等词的用法在不表示对未来某一动作的主张和要求时，也不用should +动词原形。例：a. The expression on his face suggested that he was unhappy. b. She insisted that her answer was right. 2.常见的要求使用虚拟语气的特殊动词， 词组， 句形。 1) about time It + time + that +主语 should + V high time V-ed 例：a. Its about time that you _B_ your store. A close B closed C have closed D had closedb. b.       Its high time that he _B_ to think how to deal with the money. A would begin B began C begin D will begin2) What if.?(如果该怎麽办)例：a. -He would go to see you. -_ He did not come? A. What if B. Where if C. What come D. why whether4) 4)       “wish” 在宾语从句中 V-ed. 表现在 wish + 主语（宾语从句中的主语）+ had + 表过去 could/would/ might + V. 表将来例：a. -Do you have a type writer? -No, but I wish I _B_.A have B had C do D had hadb. b.       I wish I _C_ my time when I was you