中国文化典籍英译-笔记(共15页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上中国文化典籍英译 笔记国学的概念和定义 国学4要点（规模）：考据之学辞章之学义理之学经世之学  七略（西汉，刘向、刘歆父子发端；把中国图书分为六大类，三十八小类）六艺略：诗；书；礼；易；乐；春秋；论语孝经；小学诸子略：儒；道；阴阳；法；名；墨；纵横；杂；弄；小说家诗赋略：屈赋；陆赋；荀赋；杂赋；歌诗兵书略：兵权谋；兵形势；兵阴阳；兵技巧数术略：天问；历谱；五行；杂占；形法方技略：医经；医方；房中；神仙 清四库全书书目阐明国学分类经史子集。四类   第一讲：上古神话 myth 神话:山海经 Book of Mountains and Seas楚辞屈原庄子 盘古开天辟地；盘古化生万物；夸父追日；羿射九日；精卫填海；女娲造人女娲补天Nuwa Mends the Sky始见于山海经，较完整成形于汉淮南王刘安等人编撰的淮南子Writings of Prince Huainan蚩尤轶闻 南朝梁人 任昉 所撰 述异记Strange Accounts 第二讲：先秦寓言寓言fable；寓意moral寓言短小精悍、生动有趣、常以其耐人寻味之故事，借入木三分之讥讽，寓社会人生之哲理。古希腊伊索寓言；法国 拉封丹寓言；俄国 克雷洛夫寓言 中国寓言始于先秦。画蛇添足The Man Who Draws a Snake and Adds Feet to It（载于西汉刘向的战国策Stratagem of the Warring States）杞人忧天见于 列子·天瑞吕梁丈夫庄子Zhuang Zi 借游戏波浪的水中高手和孔子的对话，解释了何谓“故、性、命” 第三讲：诗经风雅中国第一部诗歌总集 诗经 Book of Songs/ Book of Odes 记录了周初到春秋中叶 500多年流传于中原等地的诗歌305首“毛诗” 诗六艺：风雅颂兴比赋风雅颂是诗歌分类；兴比赋是创作方法。十五国风；大小雅；关雎 属于 周南： 通过自然界鸟类的求偶行为表达了人类对美好爱情和幸福婚姻的向往与赞美。后来演变为对于后姬之德的歌颂。君子于役属 王风：农夫之妻在丈夫被迫外出服役久久不归，时时借助家禽家畜的归来表达了盼郎归的动人情感。 P55 硕鼠 魏风  借助农人对于老鼠的诅咒，表现了对于剥削者的牙呢和追求新生活的愿望。静女邶风 写青年男女的欢乐爱情； 第四讲 楚辞悲歌   P69楚辞Elegies of Chu 是继中国第一部诗歌总集诗经之后，中国文学史上出现的又一辉煌诗集。 楚辞 以春秋战国以来在南方江河流域兴盛起来的楚国地方文化为根基而生成的新诗体。楚辞采用比较松散而自由伸展的句式。内容上描写楚地江湖山川和人情风俗习惯，飘洒奇丽。作者：屈原 战国时楚国没落贵族。代表作离骚Grief of Parting九章Nine Elegies 九歌 Nine Odes屈原是第一个以个人名义写诗并流芳千古的大诗人。 第五讲 道德之宗 P83先秦诸子九大流派：儒 Confucianism; 墨Mohism;道Taoism;法Legalism;名Logicians;农Agriculturists;杂Eclectics;阴阳Yin-Yang School; 纵横Diplomatists 老子道德经 The Way and Its Power ； 又名 老子 Lao Zi 第六讲 庄周论道 7.儒家 confucianism 论语 The Analects孟子 Mencius大学 The Great Learning中庸 Doctrine of the Mean 六艺： 礼乐射御书数 天命 decree 8. 人性探源 P115中国哲学关于人性的思考始于先秦。孔子首提”性相近，习相远“；在蒙学课本三字经中扩展为“人之初，性本善”的命题，作为启蒙教育的开端。孟子则提出人有”四端“说而力主性善论。荀子性恶论，倡导”化性起伪“；告子持亦善亦恶说。孟子四端说：恻隐之心根本；羞恶之心；辞让之心；是非之心荀子,战国时期儒家著名学者，主张人性恶，”其善者伪也“。著有性恶Man Is Evil by Nature. 福乐智慧Kutadgu Bilig/Wisdom of Royal Glory     11C 维吾尔族哲学宗教经典，古典长诗。汉人称之为帝王礼范，突厥人称之为福乐智慧 9.名家论坛名家Logicians是中国战国时期颇具特色的学派，以名实关系和论辩为主体，讨论逻辑和语言哲学，使中国哲学有了一条极具个性特色的分析思路。公孙龙为代表。白马论名实论Discourse onName and Actuality荀子 还曾对正名问题做出了系统的总结和创造。正名 Rectification of Names10. 兵家谋略     P137兵书的经典是春秋末年齐国人孙武所著的13篇孙子兵法 Sun Zi: The Art of War比西方兵家经典 克劳塞维兹Clausewitz的战争论On War 早2000多年。11.史学绝唱 最早的中国史书是尚书 Book of History 左丘明：我国第一部记事较详的编年体史书：左传 Zuo Qiuming's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals国语 Sayings of the States 西汉 刘向战国策 Stratagem of the Warring States战国游说之士的策略和言论。 纪传体通史 司马迁  史记(原名太史公书) Records of the Historian 成书于汉武帝时期记述了 传说中的黄帝至汉武帝初年历时3000余年的历史。功绩：创立了一种完备的史学体裁。史记列本纪12篇以记帝王事迹和重大事件；世家30篇技术诸侯诸王活动；列传70记载管理、名人以及平民的活动。书8篇记载历代天文地理和典章制度；10篇表格事实史料 “四维”：礼 义 廉 耻为治国之纲。 12. 文学传记 Literary biography魏晋时期 玄学(Metaphysics)盛行，自然主义(Naturalism)之风大兴，促进了人的觉悟和文的醒悟，正好有产生这一文学独特样式的文化氛围之有利局面的行程。于是，文学传记乃大兴。 东晋 陶渊明自传性质的五柳先生传 借助古人言语与古代联想喻其高洁品性，以便抒发其超然于世外的人生理想。桃花源记充满乌托邦理想色彩，代表了中国农业文明的社会理想和以诗酒精神抒写田园风光的田园诗境界。 魏晋 阮籍 竹林七贤 大人先生传 开完全虚拟的文学传记之先河。其超然于物外的道家思想。大人先生，原型是苏门山隐士孙登。 千字文 嵇琴阮箫 P16913. 文心文论 文论大兴 文必秦汉  为盛唐“文以载道”开了先河曹丕  “文以气为主” 典论·论文 (Historical Allusions and Essays)   开创了文体论和文气论的先河；晚年的曹丕，在联想到权力可以世袭而文章的做法难以遗传的时候，甚至有一丝忏悔和焦虑，所谓“建安风骨”，乃寓于期间。 汉魏以来，玄学大兴，前有司马迁的“发奋著述”说，淮南子的形神气“一”论，董仲舒“天人感应”论文心雕龙 14.盛唐诗歌 唐诗从古诗（Poetry in Pre-Tang Style）;民歌(folk songs); 骈文(rhymed prose)寻求节俭，推陈出新留下诗5万首诗仙 李白 浪漫主义 讴歌祖国大好河山诗圣 杜甫 现实主义 表达劳动人民心愿山水田园诗人 (pastoral poet): 王维、孟浩然边塞诗人(frontier poet) 高适、岑参唐诗三百首 清 孙洙 (300 Tang Poems)律诗（eight-lined poetry） 王维 以佛教出世精神为诱导，表现了超然于世外，寄情于山水，而又终归眷恋人生的禅宗诗人(Zen poet)风范。绝句(Four-lined Poetry) 15.诗品诗话诗论唐 司空图 诗品；皎然诗式宋 严羽 沧浪诗话明 王冀德 曲律清 叶斐 原诗 诗大序 Preface to the Book of Odes成书于汉代。司空图诗品The Realms of Poetry 16. 唐宋散文兰亭序集 A Sketch of the Gathering at Orchid Arbour欧阳修 醉翁亭记 The Old Drunkard's Arbour范仲淹岳阳楼记 The Story of Yoyang Tower 17. 书谱书论孙过庭  书法家+书论家  书谱On the Fine Art of Chinese Calligraphy 18. 禅宗智慧中国传统文化曾遇到过两次外来文化的挑战和接触。一 东汉以来印度佛教 Buddhism二 近代欧美民主科学精神伴随着中国救亡图存的历史使命而近乎强行地输入 南派 六祖慧能大师创立禅宗 Zen Buddhism 禅分南北宗南 主张顿悟  是主流 代表作    坛经 The Platform Scripture of the Sixth Patriarch北 主张渐悟 偈子 gathaP236关于哲学禅宗词汇 佛经 Buddhist sutra达摩、规范 dharma 19. 两宋词章词 （Ci Poems） 本来是能够配乐的歌词，后逐渐脱离音乐而独见诸文字词牌名 tune宋理学 Neo-Confucianism 婉约派 subtle and concise豪放派 powerful and free     水调歌头 Tune: "Prelude to the Melody of Water" 词帝 五代后主李煜 虞美人 20. 元曲杂剧 P255 1279 忽必烈 灭 南宋 建立 元帝国元 政治文化特点：对中原汉人政治统治的加剧南北民族文化的又一次大融合废除封建科举制度 （使仕途无望，转向民间文学和市井娱乐，在文学艺术创作中寻求文化心灵的寄托）元 散曲 (Qu Poetry)   杂剧 (Yuan Drama)   或表现男女间情爱，或描写大自然美景，或关心民众疾苦和社会问题 或抒发文人的雅趣与隐逸精神 南曲北曲昆曲 元杂剧：叙事体到代言体；角色、演唱、对白、动作、道具。  有了序幕和正文、题目和正名散曲：独立于剧本剧情之外的单独的诗歌作品；与唐诗宋词相比，元曲在已经上体现俚俗世俗。语言上多为口语方言。 关汉卿：有丰富的舞台经验和非凡的创作才能。18种剧作只是其全部创作的1/3.代表作窦娥冤 Injustice to Du E; 又名六月雪Snow in Midsummer 王实甫  西厢记The Romance of the Western Bower 21. 明清小说明清逐渐形成了中国独有的章回小说 chaptered novel with couplet titles罗贯中 历史小说三国演义 Romance of Three Kingdoms施耐庵 英雄传奇 水浒传  Outlaws of the Marsh吴承恩 神话魔幻小说 西游记 Journey to the West曹雪芹 家世悼亡之作 红楼梦 A Dream of Red Mansions 老子著名译本   汉学家理雅各(James Legge);水浒     赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck)红楼梦 霍克斯 (David Hawkes) 杨宪益夫妇 22. 翰墨丹青石涛 （法名） 中国绘画史上的奇才。晚年定居扬州，生活拮据，靠卖画为生，开中国艺术品商品化先河。著 画语录 Art of Painting  中国历史上第一部系统而深刻的绘画美学著作中国画分类山水 始于晋宋的宗炳 画山水序；成熟于宋  郭熙 林泉高致；大成于清石涛画语录人物花鸟 23. 历代书信 古时，书指信件；信指信使 书信连用 始于晋书Book of Jin 唐时普遍传书之人，称为 “雁足”，“鸿雁” 本于“鸿雁传说” 24.文明演进游学欧美的爱国志士 严复林纾 翻译西方文学名著达尔文进化论 Theory of Evolution魏源 “器变道不变”中体西用 （张之洞，梁漱溟）传统派 Traditionalists洋务派 Westernization Group维新派（Reformists）革命派 Revolutionaries 康有为 又名 康祖诒 广东南海人； 维新运动主要领导者；戊戌变法失败后，亡命海外；1895“公车上书”；新学伪经考；孔子改制考；其思想 经学（New Text School）和佛家思想。梁启超： 康有为得力助手。广东新会人。著有变法通议；清代学术概论A Brief Intellectual History of Qing Dynasty（总结了中国清代二百余年的学术思想史） 孙中山 Sun Yat-sen 1866-1925 怀天下为公之大志，首举国民革命之义旗。孙文学说 Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary 鲁迅：如果说中山先生是革命的先驱者，那么鲁迅先生便是中国的民族魂 太极（ether）大道之行天下为公 When the Great Tao prevails, the whole world will work only for the public interests.物竞天择，适者生存 the struggle for life of animals, natural selection, the survival the fittestt is not the strongest of the species that survive, but the one most responsive to change. - Charles Darwin物竞天择,适者生存。-查尔斯·达尔文物竞天择适者生存 Natural selection and survival of the fittest. B本草纲目： Outline of Herb Medicine本草经集注 Annotations to "Emperor Shen Nong's Materia Medica"泊秦淮 Lying at Anchor on the Qinhuai River步辇图 Imperial Carriage捕蛇者说 The Story of the Snake-catcher博物志 Records of Myriad ThingsC藏书 Book of Holding茶经 Book of Tea昌黎先生集 Collected Works of Han Yu长恨歌 Eternal Grief长生殿 Palace of Eternal Youth长相思 Everlasting Love楚辞 Elegies of Chu垂老别 The Old Man Returns to War春秋 Spring and Autumn Annals春秋繁露 Spring and Autumn Studies雌木兰 A Girl Named Mulan D大藏经 The Tripitaka in Chinese大明历 Daming Calendar大清律 Code of Great Qing大唐三藏圣教序 Introduction to the Sacred Teachings of Monk Tripitaka of the Great Tang Dynasty大同书 The Book of the Great Unity大学 Great Learning大学衍义 Interpretation of Great Learning大学中庸章句 Commentary on the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean弟子规 Pupils' Rules and Disciplines典论·论文 Historical Allusions and Essays读通鉴论 Thought and Question, Comments on "History as a Mirror"短歌行 A Short Song多宝塔碑 The Pagoda of Many Treasures多识录 Comprehensive Studies E阿房宫赋 Ode to the Efang(Epang) Palace二十年目睹之怪现状 Strange Events Seen in the Past Twenty Years二十一史弹词 Ballad of Twenty-one Dynasties F法言 Model Sayings焚书 Book Buring G高僧传 Biographies of Eminent Buddhist Monks告誓文 A Pledge of Faith古文观止 Anthology of Classic Prose官场现形记 The Exposure of the Official World Bureaucrats归去来兮辞 Come Away Home/ Let's Go Back国语 Sayings of the States H海国图志 Illustrated Records of the Maritime Nations汉宫秋 Autumn in the Han Palace汉书 History of the Han Dynasty红楼梦 A Dream of Red Mansions the Red Chamber后赤壁赋 The Second Trip to the Red Cliff后汉书 History of the Later Han Dynasty华严经 Avatamsaka-Sutra淮南子 Writings of Prince Huainan浣纱 The Girl Who Washes Silk黄帝内经 The Yellow Emperor's Classics of Internal Medicine黄书 Yellow Book J集史 Collected Histories谏太宗十思疏 Ten Points of Deliberation Recommended to Emperor Taizong将进酒 An Exhortation金刚经 Diamond Sutra金瓶梅 Flowering Plum in a Golden Vase江南春 Spring Comes to the South进学解 The Scholar's Apology晋书 History of the Jin Dynasty警世通言 Stories to Warn Men九歌 Nine Odes九经 Nine Classics九章 Nine Elegies九章算术 Mathematics in Nine Sentinels K孔子家语 Sayings of the Confucian School L兰亭序A Sketch of the Gathering at Orchid ArborThe Story of the Orchid PavilionThe Story of the Get-together at the Orchid Tower乐 Book of Music老子注 Annotations to "Lao Zi"历代帝王图 Portraits of the Emperors历代史表 A Chronological Chart According to Dynasties礼记 Book of Rites离骚 Grief of Parting礼运 Evolutions of Rites聊斋志异 Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio六国论 On Six Fallen States六经 Six Classics六韬 Six Tactics六学 Six Teachings六艺 Six Disciplines六月雪（窦娥冤） Sno in Midsummer六祖坛经 Platform Scripture of the Sixth Patriarch陋室铭 Inscription on My HUmble Cottage吕氏春秋 Lu's Almanac论语 The Analects论语集解义疏 Exegesis of Collected Comments on the Analects论语孟子集注 Collected Commentaries on "The Analects" and "Mencius"洛神赋图 Goddess of the Luo River/ The Goddess of River Luo M脉经 Classic on Pulse/ Treatise on the Pulse蒙古秘史 The Secret History of the Mongols孟子 Mencius梦溪笔谈 Dream Pool Essay名实论 Discourse on Name and Actuality名贤集 Collected Better-Known Sayings墨辩 Mohist Dialectians墨经 Mohist Canon牡丹亭 Peony Pavilion木兰诗 The Song of Mu Lan N南柯记 The Southern Tributary State农桑辑要 The Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture农书 Agriculture农政全书 A Complete Treatise on Agriculture女史箴 Admonitions of the Instructress to the Curl Ladies女娲补天 Nuwa Mends the Sky女状元 A Woman Who Passed the Metropolitan Examination as Number One P书画谱        Handbook of Calligraphy and Painting琵琶记  Tale of the Lute琵琶行  A Singsong Girl Q七略     Seven Categories of Writings齐民要术     The Manual of Important Arts for the People千金要方     Book of Precious Precriptions千金翼方     Supplement to "Precious Prescriptions"前赤壁赋     The First Trip to the Red Cliff潜书      Private Thoughts千字文  The Thousand-Character Text乔松仙寿图 Pines and Longevity钦定宪法大纲    Imperial Constitution清明上河图 Riverside Scenes at Qingming Festival劝世良言            Good Words for Exhorting the Age秋声赋         The Autumn Sound Lay阙题两首            The Two Poems Untitled群英会         The Battle of Wits R仁学             On Benevolence日知录         The Daily Accumulated Knowledge儒林外史            The Scholars S三都赋         Ode to the Three Capitals三国志         History of the Three Kingdoms三国演义            Romance of the Three Kingdoms三字经         A Primer in Three-Character Lines/ Three-Character Primer山茶霁雪            Camellias in Thawing Snow山高水长图 Towering Mountains and Long Rivers山海经         The Book of Mountains and Seas伤寒论         Treatise on Fevers尚书             Book of History神农本草经 Emperor Shen Nong's Materia Medica/ Sheng Nong's herbal classic慎言             Careful Speech神童诗         Wonder Child Poems碑          Tablet师说             Esteem Teachers世说新语            New Anecdotes诗经             Book of Odes Songs诗品(司空图)      The Realms of Poetry诗品(钟嵘)   Critique of Poetry十三经         Thirteen Confucian Classics石壕吏         The Shihao Official拾遗记         Supplementary Notes史记             Records of the HIstorian史记·天官书       Chapter on Astronomers in Records of the Historian氏族志         Clan and Family Gazette授时历         Time-Telling Calendar蜀道难         The Steep Road of Shu述学             On Learning水浒传         OutlawsHeroes of the Marsh(es)/ Water Margin说卦传         Treatise of Remarks on the Trigrams说文解字            Explanation of Script and Elucidation of Characters说苑             The Garden of Anecdotes思问录         Unauthorized Commentary on the "Book of Changes"四部医典            Pharmacopoeia in Four Divisions四景山水            A Landscape in Four Seasons四库全书            The Complete Library of the Four Treasures四库全书总目提要 Critical Catalogue of Complete Writings in the Four Divisions四书             Four Books四书大全            The Complete Works of the Four Books四洲志         Four Continents宋书             History of the Song Dynasty宋论             Comments on the History of the Song Dynasty搜神记         Stories of Immortals搜神后记            More Stories of Immortals孙膑兵法            Arts of War (by Sun Bin)孙子兵法            Arts of War (by Sun Wu)孙文学说           Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary (by Sun Yat-sen) T太极图说            An Explanation of the Deiagram of the Absolute太平广记            Taiping Miscellany Extensive Anthologies of Taiping太玄             Great Mystery唐律疏议            Exposition of the Tang Penal Code桃花源记            The Story of the Peach Blossom Source天工开物            Exposition of the Works of Nature陶庵梦忆            Reminiscence of Tao An天论             A Discussion on Heaven/On Heaven天问             Questions About Heaven通典             A Comprehensive Study of History童蒙须知            What Children Must Know铜人腧穴针灸图经   An Illustration of the Copper Man's Acupuncture Points通书             Explanatory Text (on the Book of Changes) /Almanac通志             Historical Collection W万国舆图            Atlas of the World无家别         The Homeless五经             Five Classics五经正义            Annotations to the Five Classics武经总要            The Outline of Military Science五柳先生传 The Story of Five-Willow Gentleman梧桐雨         Rain on the Plane Trees X西厢记         The Western Chamber/ A Story of the West Chamber系辞             The Appended Remarks/ The Great Treatise西游记         Journey Pilgrimage to the West洗冤录         The Cleansing of Wrongs项脊轩志            A Record of the Xiangji Pavilion孝经             Classic of Filial Piety潇湘奇观图 A Rare Spectacle at Xiangjiang新婚别         Lament of the New Wife新乐府         New Folk Songs新书             New Political Views新学伪经考 A Study of the Forged Classics性恶             Evil Nature of Man性理精义            Essence of Neo-Confucianism醒世恒言            Stories to Awaken Men醒世要言            Verse to Awaken the World六角星形            hexagram八角形         octagonTripitaka              宗三藏(佛教典籍的总称, 义近"全书")Sequel to the History of the Han Dynasty   续汉书雪梅图         Plums Blossom in Snow续焚书         Supplement to Book Burning Y鸭头丸帖            About Duck-Head Bill雅述             Elegant Narrative颜氏家训            Yan Family Admonitions忆江南         Recollections of the South易说             Comments on the Book of Changes绎史            An Interpretation of History以太说