专业英语带译文(共11页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上数字拉丁或希腊前缀烷烃烷基烯烃醇醛中文译名从左至右alkanealkylalkenealcoholaldehyde烷烃、烷基、烯烃、醇、醛onemono-methanemethylmethanolmethyl aldehyde甲烷、甲基、甲醇、甲醛twodi-bi-ethaneethylethene,ethyleneethanolethyl aldehyde,ethanal乙烷、乙基、乙烯、乙醇、乙醛threetri-propanepropylpropenepropanolpropylaldehyde丙fourtetra-Quadri-butanebutylbutenebutanolbutyladehyde丁fivepent(a)-pentanepentylpentenepentanolpentanal戊sixhex(a)-hexanehexylhexenehexanolhexanal己sevenhept(a)-heptaneheptylhepteneheptanolheptanal,heptyl aldehyde庚eightoct(a)-octaneoctylocteneoctanoloctyl aldehyde辛ninenon(a)-nonanenonylnonenenonanolnonyl aldehyde壬tendec(a)-decanedecyldecenedecanoldecyl aldehyde,decanal癸它们能与其它有机化合物自由地混合并能溶于多种有机溶剂中。They will mix freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic solvents.氧的两对电子可以与两个不直接相连的碳共用而形成单键。The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with two separate carbons forming only single bond(C-O-C)。带负电的物体所含的电子比质子多。(复数不明显）A body with a negative charge possesses more electrons than protons.当然，当酸失去质子时，碱必须接收质子。因此，酸与碱的反应是一个质子转移的反应，这种反应一般称为中和反应。Of course，when an acid loses a proton，a base must be in presence to accept it . Thus，an acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction. this reaction is generally known as a neutralization reaction.本文将重点介绍一些近期发展的有关原料和成品加工的新技术。This article will highlight someof the latest developments in new technologies for raw materials and finished product processing.要使溶质在较好的程度上分离，就需要用分馏技术。Separation of solutes from each other to any important eztent requires the fractionation techniques of distillation.在发现电子之前，曾假定看不见的电流是从带正电的物体流往带负电的物体。Before electrons were discovered，it was assumed that the invisible f1uid of electricity flowed from the positive to the negative object.水银的贮藏量并不丰富，分布也不广。Mercury is by no means abundant nor widely distributed.苯环上的甲基使甲苯非常容易硝化。 (v.adv.)The methyl group on the benzene ring greatly facilitates the nitration of toluene.盐可以通过用金属置换酸中的氢来制取。（prep.v.）Salts may be formed by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.石油便于使用是显而易见的。Petroleum convenience in use is evident.随着越来越多的锌原子溶解，锌极板上充满了电子，使它变得越来越负。The zinc plate becomes more and more negatively charged with electrons，as more atoms of zinc dissolve.与无机化合物不同，有机化合物分子间吸引力较弱，因此，有机化合物通常容易挥发且熔点较低。In contrast to inorganic compounds，the molecular attraction of organic compounds is weak，so organic compounds are usually volatile and possess low melting points.有机化合物不溶于水，因为水没有将它们的分子分离成离子的倾向 (主语宾语)Organic compounds are not soluble in water because there is no tendency for water to separate their molecules into ions.烷烃的熔点起初很不规则，但随着分子的增大，则有些稳步上升的趋势。(谓语宾语)The melting point of alkanes are rather irregular at first，but tend to rise somewhat steadily as the molecules become larger.在最简单的化学电池内，电解液是硫酸的水溶液。(状语定语)In the simplest chemical cell the electrolyte is a solution of sulfiaxic acid in water.原油中各种烃的沸点不同。The different hydrocarbons in crude oil boil at different temperatures.因此，可以将吸收过程简单地分为两类：物理过程和化学过程。Absorption processes are therefore conveniently divided into two groups: physical process and chemical process.也许有人已经对有机化学所涉及的物质有所了解，但是他可能还不知道有机化学触及我们日常生活已达到一个什么样的程度。One may already have some idea of the material with which organic chemistry deals，but he may not know the extent to which organic chemistry touches on our everyday life.无数的有机物，在缺氧的情况下，受热、压力和时间的影响而转化为沉积的矿物燃料一煤、石油和天然气。 (原序)In the absence of oxygen，untold numbers of organisms were transformed by heat，pressure，and time into deposits of fossil-fuels一coal，petroleum and natural gas.黄铜和青铜是两个广泛使用的铜合金。Two widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze.磁能产生电流这一发现在电学上是非常重要的。The discovery that electric current can be produced by magnetism is extremely important in the field of electricity.要制备将细小粉粒适当分散在液体或膏体中的产品，如着色化妆品，需要润湿剂。Wetting agents are required to prepare proper dispersion of fine particle powders in liquids/pastes such as color makeup.水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸。The oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water to give nitric acid. 一般来说，每当进行了一次化学反应并分离出反应产物后，就必须测定其结构。In general structure must be determined every time a chemical reaction is carried out and a reaction product isolated.至于盐，它们也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢制取。As for salts，they may also be formed by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.如果推测产物是一个已知的化合物，那就可以用物理方法将它与已知物进行比较以 确定它们的一致性。If the product is suspected of being a compound already known，it is then physically compared with the known material to establish its identity.伯醇的和缓氧化生成醛，而醛能进一步氧化生成有机酸。Mild oxidation of a primary alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.蒸发的目的是浓缩由非挥发性溶质和挥发性溶剂所组成的溶液。The objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent.我们称这种锌原子为带有两个正电荷的锌离子Zn2+。We call such a zinc atom an ion with a double positive charge，Zn2+.用其它元素或基团取代氢原子而形成的苯的异构体的数目与脂肪烃所预期的数目不相吻合。The number of benzene isomers formed on replacing hydrogen atoms by other elements or groups does not correspond to that expected for the aliphatic hydrocarbons.根据这些新的定义，酸是一类含氢的物质，在其分子中与氢相连的键可以断裂，因而可失去氢离子。According to these new definitions an acid is any hydrogen containing species in which the bond holding the hydrogen can be broken so that the hydrogen ion can be lost.此外，还会发生异构化过程，从而导致其它相当复杂的反应发生。Besides，isomerazation processes may also take place which in turn heads to other fairly complicated reactions.像玻璃这样的材料，虽然可见光和红外线很容易通过，但波长较长的射线却常常被它全部反射或吸收。Materials，such as glass，which allow the visible rays and the infrared ray to pass through readily，often reflect or absorb longer rays completely.氧的两对电子可以单独与一个碳原子共用而形成双键或与两个不直接相连的碳或一个碳和一个氢共用而形成单键。The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with. one carbon alone forming a double bond （>C=O），or with two separate carbons (-C-O-C-) or with one carbon and one hydrogen forming only single bonds (-C-O-H).这种反应经常是用某一浓度的硝酸、硫酸的混酸来处理烃，在某一适合于特定的硝化反应的温度下进行的。It is frequently carried out by treading the hydrocarbon with a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid of certain concentration at some temperature suitable for the particular nitration.在平衡时，这两个（反应）速率相等，铜离子仍与氨分子反应生成络合物，同时络合物仍在分解，但单位时间内分解的铜氨络离子正好与生成的铜氨络离子一样多。At equilibrium，these two rate are equal;cupric ion is still reacting with ammonia molecules to form the complex，and the complex is still decomposing，but just as much cupric ammonia complex is being decomposed in unit time as is being formed.伴随一个体系的状态变化而放出的热量q，不仅决定于体系的初始状态和最终状态，而且还取决于体系变化所取的途径，特别是取决于该体系在变化过程中所作的功。为了阐明上述结论，让我们考虑一种由理想气体样品组成的体系，它的初始温度T及压力p1下，最后处在同一温度T及较小压力p2下。To illustrate the conclusion that the heat evolution accompanying a change in state of a system is not determined by the initial and final states alone but depends also on the path，and in particular on the work done by the system during the change，let us consider a system composed of a sample of a perfect gas，initially at temperature T and pressure p1 and finally at the same temperature T and smaller pressure p2.1. On descending a group in the periodic table such as lithium, sodium, potassium , rubidium, caesium. The size of the atoms increases due to the effect of extra shells of electrons being added; this outweighs the effect of increased nuclear charge. 在周期表中同族从上到下例如锂、钠、钾、铷和铯，由于增加额外电子层的影响，原子的半径递增；这个影响超过了增加核电荷所起的作用。2. Metallic oxides and hydroxides are basic since they ionize, and give hydroxyl ions. 金属的氧化物和氢氧化物是碱性的，因为它们能电离而产生氢氧根离子.3. However, this generalization dose not hold for the d block, and particularly for the central groups of transition elements (Cr, Mn,Fe,Co,Ni) where basicity and the ability to form simple ions decreases on the descending the group. 不过这个规律不适用于d区元素，特别是中间族的过渡元素（Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni），因为它们的碱性和生成简单离子的能力在族中自上而下递降.4. They form strongly basic oxides and hydroxides, and they react with oxyacides to give stable salts such as carbonates ,nitrates and sulphates. 它们生成强碱性氧化物和氢氧化物，并且它们同含氧酸反应生成稳定的盐如碳酸盐、硝酸盐和硫酸盐.5. Whenever this is fond, the species in the middle (Cu+ in this case ) disproportionates, that is it behaves as both a self-oxidizing and a self-reducing agent because it is energetically favourable for the following two changes to occur together. 当存在这种情况时，处于中间的物质(本例中的Cu+)便会发生岐化反应，即它能起自身氧化剂和自身还原剂的作用，因为下列的两种变化同时发生在能量上是有利的.6. Because of the tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds ,it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. 因为已知的有机化合物的数目极大，而且还在逐日合成更多的品种，所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物，而是把彼此密切关联的化合物按类或族来研究.7. Again, the solution of this problem would be impossible were it not for the fact that the chemical properties of a family of compounds are documented, thus making it possible to predict the chemical properties of any member of the family, even though a particular member may not be a known compound. 此外，如果不具备以下的事实，解决这个问题是不可能的。即一族化合物的化学性质已获确认，因此能够预见这一族中任一化合物的化学性质，包括此族中尚不知道的化合物的化学性质.8. The molecular is therefore established as that multiple of the empirical formula which most closely coincides with determined molecular weight. 因此取与测得的分子量最接近吻合的实验式的倍数来确定分子式.9. The assimilation of knowledge in any field is greatly facilitated by principle that are sufficiently broad and general to allow the viewing of each new fact not as an isolated event but as a segment to be fitted into an overall pattern. 原则或原理对于任何领域知识的汲取都具有很大的促进作用，因为它们非常广泛而普遍，能把每个新的事实看作是和整体相适应的一个部分，而不是作为孤立的事件.10. They are said to be conformational isomers (also called conformers or rotamers ); any particular twist form is called conformation. 它们叫做构象异构体（也叫做异象体conformer或旋转体rotamer）；任何特定的扭转形式，叫做一种构象.11. There is ,in other words ,rapid rotation around the CC bond, and for most purposes ethane can be considered as a rapidly equilibrating mixture of molecules in eclipsed and staggered conformations along with the infinite number of additional conformations falling between these extremes. 换句话说，围绕CC键旋转的速度很快，并且在大多数情况下，乙烷都可看作是，在重叠构象和交叉构象以及在这两个极端构象之间的无数其他构象中，迅速平衡的分子混合物.12. Structure (b) and (c), on the other hand, are stereoisomers, differing from each other only in the spatial arrangement of the atoms within the molecule. 另一方面，结构(b)和(c)是立体异构体，彼此的差别只是分子内原子的空间排列不同.13. In fact, only by considering benzene to be a resonance hybrid comprising at least a pair of cyclothexatriene resonance structures (called Kekule structures ) can we come at all close to an accurate picture of the real molecule. 事实上，只有把苯看作是至少由一对环己三烯共振结构（叫做Kekule结构）组成的共振杂化体，我们才能全面接近真实分子的精确图象.14. We again stress the idea that benzene, represented as a resonance hybrid of two Kekule structures (and other resonance structures), should not be imagined to be in one Kekule form one moment and in the other Kekule form the next, oscillating, between the two. 我们还要强调以下概念：表现为两个Kekule结构（以及其它共振结构）的共振杂化体的苯，不应设想为在这一瞬间是一种Kekule式，下一瞬间又是另一Kekule式这样地在二者间振动.15. Since hydrocarbons may contain primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrogens, the same classes of alcohols are capable of existence . 既然烃类含有伯、仲或叔氢原子，那么醇也同样含有伯、仲、叔醇.16. This difference can be readily accounted for on the greater electro negativity of oxygen, which polarizes the OH bond . 这种差别很容易用氧的电负性较大因而它极化了OH键进行解释.17. This intermediate may lose water and may form the carbonium ion intermediate , RCH2+, which combines with Cl to form the observed products. 这个中间体可失去水分子，形成中间体正碳离子RCH2+，后者与Cl结合形成上述的产物.18. As a result of polarization of the carbonyl group COC+=O-, aldehydes and ketones have a marked tendency to add nucleophilic species (lewis acids) to carbonyly oxygen: the reaction are classed as 1,2-nucleophilic addition . 由于羰基极化（ COC+O-）的结果，醛和酮具有将亲核试剂（路易斯碱）加成到其羰基碳上的显著倾向，接着亲电试剂（路易斯酸）再加到羰基氧上；这种反应归类为1,2-亲核加成反应.19. Reactions of this type provide useful intermediates in synthesis sequences and the reader who takes time out at this point to consider the ramifications that are possible with various combinations of aldehydes, ketones, and carbon mucleophiles is ready to play the game of “paper synthesis “ . 这种类型的反应提供了合成程序中有用的中间体，读者在这方面只要花些时间考虑醛、酮和亲核试剂的各种可能的化合所出现的结果，就易于玩一场“纸上合成”的游戏.20. Esters are reduced by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate to primary alcohols corresponding to the acid from which the ester is derived. 酯被氢化锂铝（LiAlH4 ）还原为相应于形成酯的羧酸的伯醇.21. The acid chlorides are named according to the corresponding carboxylic acid, the suffix-oic being replace by oyl; thus ethanoic acid forms the acid chloride, ethanoyl chloride. 酰氯按相应的羧酸来命名，词尾酸（oic）换成酰（oyl）；例如ethanoic acid(乙酸)所形成的酰氯是ethanoyl chloride(乙酰氯).22. Acid chlorides can be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation or, more conveniently in the laboratory, by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate. 酰氯可用催化加氢还原，或者在实验室中更方便地用氢化锂铝还原.23. Acid chloride enters into a substitution reaction with aromatic compounds to form ketones. 酰氯与芳香族化合物发生取代反应生成酮24. Even though it is not all unusual to find synthetic polymers having relative average molecular weights greater than 1，000，000 and naturally occurring polymers having relative molecular weights of several million，it was not until the middle of the 1920一1934 decade that naturally occurring substances such as rubber，cellulose，and the protein，as well as certain synthetic materials，already well known，were considered macromolecules. 虽然，发现平均相对分子质量大于1,000,000的合成聚合物和相对分子质量为几百万的天然聚合物并非奇异之事，但是直到192030年的中期，天然存在的物质如橡胶、纤维和蛋白质以及某些众所周知的合成物质，才被认为是大分子.25. For example，addition polymerization reactions may occur by a chain reaction mechanism or by a stepwise addition mechanism. 例如，加成聚合反应可以按连锁反应机理进行或分步加成机理进行.26. In a titration，the test substance (analyte)reacts with a reagent added as a solution of known concentration. This is referred to as a standard solution，and it is generally added from a buret. The added solution is called the titrant. 在滴定（titration）中，试验物质（被分析物质）与作为已知浓度的溶液加入的试剂（称为标准溶液）反应。通常标准溶液是由滴定管加入的，所加入的溶液称为滴定剂（titrant）.27. The reaction should be stoichiometric. 反应应是化学计量的28. The point at which an equivalent or stoichiometric amount of titrant is added is called the equivalence point. 所加滴定剂的量是等当量或化学计量的点称为等当点（equivalence point）.29. A standard solution is prepared by dissolving an accurately weighed quantity of a highly pure material called a primary standard and diluting to an accurately known volume in a volumetric flask. 标准溶液的制备是溶解一个准确称量的高纯物质，它被称为基准物（primary standard），并在容量瓶中准确地冲稀至已知体积.30. We shall use molarity for volumetric calculations. 对于容量法的计算，我们将使用摩尔浓度（molarity）.31. This is because with four figures，it would have become the key number with an uncertainty of about one past per thousand compared to 1$7.fi with an uncertainty of about half that. 这是因为若Na2CO3分子量用四位数字它将成为引入大约有千分之一的误差的关键数，该误差比187.6的误差大约一倍.32. The basic data of chemical kinetics are the concentrations of the reactants and products at different times. 化学反应动力学的基础数据是指不同时间内反应物和产物的浓度33. Gas phase reactions，for instance，