英语主动表被动用法归纳(共6页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语主动表被动用法归纳 一、谓语动词用主动表被动的五种情形(1) 某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式:That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证实是错的。(2) 当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义:The door wont shut. 这门关不上。The supermarket doors shut automatically. 超市的门是自动关的。【注】该用法的不及物动词通常与cant, wont 等连用,注意它与用被动语态含义不同:The window wont shut. 这窗户关不上。(说明主语的属性窗户有问题了)The window wont be shut. 这窗户将不用关上。(窗户本身没问题,只是不用关)有时可能用主动和被动形式均可,只是强调重点稍有不同:Suddenly the door opened. 突然门开了。(不强调动作执行者)The door was suddenly opened. 门突然被打开了。(强调动作执行者)(3) 当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常要用:The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。This cheese doesnt cut easily. Its too soft. 这乳酪不容易切,太软了。This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。【注】该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用,并且在用于以上意思时通常不宜直接使用被动语态形式。不过在某些特殊情况下也可用被动语态,只是含义稍有不同(用主动形式表示主语的属性,用被动形式表示动作执行者所执行的动作):The sentences read clearly. 这些句子读起来很清楚。(即这句子没有歧义)The sentences are read clearly. 这些句子被读得很清楚。(指读的人读得好)另外,以上用法有时也可能用于进行时态:The vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在煮着。Is the book selling well? 这书销售情况如何?(4) 某些表示开始和结束的动词(begin, start, finish, end等),当主语为事物且不强调动作的执行者时,可用:When does the concert begin? 音乐会什么时候开始? The play ended at ten oclock. 戏10点钟结束。(5) 有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义:Where is the new film showing? 这部新电影在哪里放映?My skirt caught on a nail. 我的裙子被钉子钩住了。Soon the house filled with people. 很快房子就挤满了人。二、非谓语动词用主动表被动的八种情形(1) 不定式to blame, to let用作表语时,通常要用:Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢?The house is to let. 此屋出租。(2) 某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义:The question is difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。Your writing is impossible to read. 你的书写没法认。Do you think the water is safe to drink? 你认为这水喝起来安全吗? 【注】这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语,按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式,但习惯上却要用主动表被动。这类形容词常见的有awkward, convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant 等。 有时形容词后跟有名词,在名词后用作定语的不定式用:Its a difficult book to read. 那是一本难读的书。It is a pleasant thing to remember. 这是一件值得记住的愉快的事。 有少数用于类似结构的形容词(如fit, ready, free等),其中的不定式用主动式和被动式均可:The water is not fit to drink to be drunk. 这水不适合饮用。The letters are ready to post to be posted. 这信已准备好可以寄了。(3) 不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,则要用主动形式表示被动意义:I have some letters to write. 我有一些信要写。I want something to drink. 我想喝点什么。I want to get something to read. 我想找点东西阅读。【注】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,则应用被动式,比较:I have something to type. 我有些东西要打(字)。(指自己打字)I have something to be typed. 我有些东西要打(字)。(指请人打字)(4) 不定式用于某些双宾动词(如give, show, buy, lend, get等)的直接宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是直接宾语前的间接宾语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义:Give me some magazines to read. 给我几本杂志看。He lent me some magazines to read. 他借给我一些杂志看。【注】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是直接宾语前的间接宾语,则应用被动式,比较:He will show you the path to take. 他将告诉你走什么道路。He will show you the room to be used as the meeting-room. 他将带你去看看用作会议室的房间。但有时两者区别不大:Give me a list of the people to invite to be invited. 把需要邀请的人员名单给我。(5) 不定式用于修饰“there be+名词”中的名词时,可用主动式,也可用被动式,有时含义差不多:There is too much work to do to be done. 要做的工作太多了。但有时含义有差别(不定式用主动式可视为其前省略了for sb,用被动式可视为其后省略了by sb):There is nothing to do. 无事可做。(含有无聊之意)There is nothing to be done. 不能做什么了。(指没有办法了)There is nothing to see. 没什么可看的。(即不值一看)There is nothing to be seen. 没看见什么。(指没东西看)(6) 涉及副词enough和too的主动表被动。在 tooto do sth 和enough to do sth这两个结构中,若句子主语与其后不定式为to do sth被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(但也可直接用被动式):The writing is too faint to read to be read. 这笔迹太模糊,看不清。These boxes are not strong enough to use to be used as a platform. 这些箱子不够牢,不能用作站台。但在某些特别强调被动意义的语境中,可能用被动式更恰当:He spoke in a voice too low to be heard. 他说话的声音太低,听不见。 (7) be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动:In all, the book is worth reading. 总之,这本书值得一读。This might be worth thinking about. 这可能值得考虑。【注】与worth相似的worthy却不一样,其后不接动名词而接不定式(若接动名词则其前应有介词of),且要用被动式表示被动含义:This book is worthy to be read of being read. 这本书值得一读。(8) 在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义:The plants want watering every day. 这些花草得天天浇水。【注】 以上结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表示被动意义:This sentence needs explaining to be explained. 这个句子需要解释。 它们后接名词时也可表示被动意义:It needs no explanation. 它无需解释。This plan requires careful consideration. 这项计划需要仔细考虑。三、介词短语用主动表被动的六种情形(1) “beyond+名词”:The rumor is beyond belief. 这谣言难以置信。【注】这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词,且该名词一般都具有动作意义,类似的结构还有beyond compare(无可比拟),beyond description(难以形容),beyond (all) doubt(毫无疑问),beyond expression(无法形容),beyond suspicion(无可怀疑),等。(2) “in+名词”短语:When was paper money in use in China? 中国什么时候开始使用纸币?【注】这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词,且该名词一般都具有动作意义,类似的结构还有 in action(在运转),in sight(看得见),in (good) repair(维修良好的),in store(贮藏着)等。(3) “in course of+名词”短语:The new railway is in course of construction. 新铁路正在兴建当中。The goods ordered are now in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。【注】有些类似的短语有the表被动,无the表主动:in charge of 负责in the charge of 由负责in possession of 拥有in the possession of 被拥有(4) “on+名词”短语:The building is on fire. 那幢房子正在燃烧。【注】这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词,且该名词一般都具有动作意义,类似的结构还有on trial(在试用),on display(在展出),on show(在展出),on exhibition(在展出)等。(5)“under+名词”短语:The new music hall is under construction. 新的音乐大厅正在修建中。【注】这类短语的名词前不用冠词,类似的还有under arrest(被逮捕),under attack(受到袭击),under discussion(在讨论中), under examination(在检查或调查中),under medical treatment(在治疗中),under repair(在修缮中),under review(在检查中),under study(在研究中)。(6) 其他介词短语。除以上提到的几种情况外,还有一些介词短语也可表示被动意义,如for sale(供出售),for rent(供出租),at ones service(听凭某人使用),above reproach(无可指责,无可非议),above suspicion(不受怀疑),above criticism(无可指责),within sight(看得见)等。、不定式符号to的省略形式1、在疑问副词why或why not后常直接用不带to的不定式构成问句。如:Why not try again?为什么不再试一下?2、在某些介词后可以接不带to的不定式形式。1)在“cant but.不得不,只好”之后。I can not but admire his courage。我不得不佩的勇气。2)在“can but.只能,大不了”之后I can but lose that money。我大不了丢掉那笔钱。3)在“do nothing but(or.except).,there be sth.to do but(or except).,sb.have sth.to do but”等结构中,介词,but(or except)后用不带to的动词不定形式。He did nothing at the meeting but smoke.他在会上什么也没干只是吸烟。I have nothing to do except copy the artecle for hi m.我只好给他抄写这篇文章。3、在固定句式结构中的副词后接不带to的不定式。1) had better/had best最好You'd better tell her about it.你最好把这件事告诉她。2) would rather(not).宁可(不);宁愿(不)=would sooner(not ).I would rather not tell you.我宁可不告诉你。此句型也可以扩展成:would rather.than.=would.rather tha n.或would sooner.than宁可.也不.。如:He would rat her die than give in to the enemy.他宁死也不向敌人屈服。4、在祈使语气(或口语)中,在动词come,go,run后接不定式作目的状语可省略不定式符号to,这一点在美国英语中常见,其用法常见于祈使句。如:Go see what's going to outside.去看看外边发生了什么事。5、一般在助动词或情态动词如:do,will,shall,would,should,can,may,m ust等后面接不带to的动词不定式。如:Do you still remember what your tea cher told you the other day?你还记得前两天你们老师跟你讲的事吗?6、在视觉性动词see,watch,notice,observe,note等,听觉性动词hear,使役性动词make,let,have,感性动词feel等动词后接不定式作复合宾语时,不定式不带to,但省略to的不式作主语补主语时,则需加上to,这时不能省略不定式符号to。如:Suddenly we felt the at mosphere grow tense.突然我们感到气氛变得紧张起来。He was made to do it again.他被迫再做一遍。7、并的两个或多个带to的不定式由并列式连词and或or连接在一起,在句中作表语、宾语、或状语等时,第二个及其后的不定式符号可省略。如:She told her child to stay there and w ait till she came back.她告诉好的孩子呆在那儿一直等到她回来。8、在词组look at和listen to后的“宾语+不定式”结构中也用不带to的不定式形式。在美国英语中常见。如:She listened to the rain patter on the window-p anes.她倾听着雨水敲打着玻璃窗。跟不定式(to do)作宾语的动词: want, wish, hope, manage, pretend, decide, learn, agree, expect, demand, long, ask, care, choose, dare, fail, offer, plan, prepare, promise, refuse, desire, happen, appear, intend, would like to, be said to, 跟动名词(doing)作宾语的动词: suggest, admit, finish, avoid, mind, enjoy, delay, practice, excuse sb. for, advice, consider, escape, miss, risk, dislike, imagine, permit, require(表被动), appreciate(感激),understand, insist on, look forward to, get down to, devote oneself to, preferto object to (反对), put off, apologize to sb. for, give up, forgive sb. for, be worth, be fond of, be good at, be slow in, be active in, be afraid of, be tired of, be busy, succeed in, prevent/stop/keep sb. from, spend time (in), have difficult/trouble in, Its no use/good, be pround of, instead of. 专心-专注-专业