新概念2语法总结(共17页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上新概念语法1.     简单句的结构: 主语+谓语+宾语+状语（地点状语+方式状语+时间状语）时间状语还可以放在句首2.     一般现在时，现在进行时感叹句：what+名词+主语+谓语， how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语频度副词：位于主语和谓语之间，常见频度副词及其程度的深浅：always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, neverI always buy CDs on Sundays.3.     一般过去时直接宾语和间接宾语：主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。      He gives me a book.me间接宾语, a book直接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for，to表示动作对谁而做， for表示动作为谁而做。主语及物动词直接宾语介词+间接宾语Give the book to me.Send a letter to him.I bought a coat for my mother.4.       现在完成时，注意频度及时间副词的位置       receive/take5.       复习：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Dont stand in my way./by the way/no wayspare/to spare6.       冠词用法（一）1  不定冠词用于修饰单数可数名词，当一个单词的第一个发音为元音时要用冠词an, 如果是辅音用a即可。2  不定冠词还可以用来修饰一类事物，有时候也可以省略：A cat is a lovely animal. Cat is a lovely animal.3  不可数名词加冠词表示一类事物：Apple is a fruit.4  如果特制某人,某物或上文提过的人或物时要用定冠词the5  Some表示一些，可以修饰可数名词及不可数名词。6  在姓名，城市，地名，过名，月份，节日，星期前不加冠词，季节前也一般不加，特指时加。put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth. off/knock off/ knock % off/knock over/knock out7.       过去进行时，时间状语短语：在短语中动词后面的介词或副词叫小品词，有些小品词既可以紧跟在动词后面也可以跟在动词的宾语后面，而有些则只能紧跟着动词使用。8.       形容词的比较级与最高级单音节词的比较级最高级：u       直接加-er, -est: small-smaller, smallestu       以e结尾的加-r, -st: large-larger, largestu       以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i加-er, -est: busy-busier, busiestu       重读闭音节结尾的词，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-er, -est：big-bigger, biggest以ow, er, le结尾的双音节词和个别单音节词也直接加-er, -est：narrow, common, clever, simple，polite, quiet多音节词及双音节词：more/less, most/lest不规则变化：good/bad/many/little/far少数单音节词也要通过加more/less, most/lest构成比较级和最高级：pleased, glad, tired, fond,注意：形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the 不定代词的用法，如果不定代词做主语，谓语动词要用单数：Everyone is here.enter/enter for9.       介词（表示时间）u       in:表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning/afternoon/evening表示月份/年份：in March, in 1990表示季节：in spring/winterin+一段时间可以表示在一段时间之内也可以表示在一段时间之后，可以与现在时，过去时和将来时连用。u       on:表示星期：on Monday表示具体日期：on June 1st表示具体时间：on that day/that evening/on that nightu       at:表示确切时间：at 10 oclock表示用餐时间：at lunch time/teatime表示其他时刻：at noon/night/midnight, at this timeu       during+一段时间u       fromtillu       till/untill直到not any=no，语气更强10.   被动语态：结构：be+过去分词用法：u       主语不清或不需要提及时I was born in 1999. The apple was eaten. u       强调不同的主语时，为了说明动作是谁做的，用by+动作执行者The policeman caught the thief. The thief was caught by the policeman.Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by双重名词所有格：one of +形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+名词复数单数名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格one of my fathers friends/a friend of my fathersone of my friends/a friend of mineone of your records/a record of yours11.       复习动词不定式做宾补的用法：want/help/ask/teach/advise sb. to do, 代词要用宾格形式borrow/lend, salary/wages12.       一般将来时：be going to结构的用法be+副词词组：be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on/be up to sb./sth.set out=set off, set up=create13.       将来进行时：名词所有格：如果名词复数以S结尾一般只加，如果名词是以S结尾的专有名词如人名，可以加S, 也可以直接加，如：Keats work, the Johns house 名词所有格也可以用来表示无生命的1  时间：todays, new centrys2  国家，城市名词：the countrys, the citys3  机构组织：the stations waiting room, the universitys library4  车，船，用具: the cars wheel, the computers harddisk5  专有结构：at ones wits end,6  价值：ten pounds worth of meat, 7  时间：in twenty minutes time14.       过去完成时：ask/ask forexcept/except for/apart fromwhich of/neither of/both of/neither of15.       直接引语/间接引语（一）如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词u       时态变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时be going towas/were going to/wouldcan-couldmay-mightu       时间地点及指示词的变化：herethere, tomorrowthe next day, the following day, thisthatu       人称变化：根据句意改变人称。Nervous/irritableOffice/study/deskafford16.       条件状语从句：主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，有时为了强调“能够”，“必须”还可以用情态动词police/policemanpay attention to/care for/take care ofremind/rememberone/you可以指任何人： One must never tell lies. You must never tell lies.17.       情态动词：must/have toas作为介词，以身份，与like相同as作为连词，因为，正当。时候，以。方式，如同。那样dress/suit/costumegrow/grow up18.       have用法give in, give away, give up, give upbeside/besides19.       can/could/may/might might as well表示“还是。的好”，“还不如。”He will never pass. He might as well give up.20.   动名词：动名词1    动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时称为动名词。动名词可以做主语，标语，宾语，介词宾语定语（即复合名词）2    动名词的几种形式：主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3. 做主语：Finding work is difficult now.Watching TV is my favorite pastime.4. 做表语：My main hobby is reading. One of her duties is growing roses.My job is teaching.5. 做宾语：I like taking with famous people.We enjoy learning English. The flowers need watering.6. 介词宾语：He is fond of watching football matches.He went away without saying a word.常用的一些加动名词的动词词组（注意总结）：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in,7. 做定语：waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain(引水机)， parking slot8. 动名词的否定：在动名词前面加not,I am sorry for not asking you.Interested/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/amusing21.       被动语态（二）will/must/can/would/could/have to be donehave/has been donemust have been donedrive 用法home/house22.       介词用法：见书23.       复习there be句型it做为虚主语可以用来表示时间，天气，温度，距离，人或指代一个句子或不定式。24.    Summary of Unit two25.       并列句我们可以将几个简单句连在一起,组成并列句,常用以下连词:and, but, so, yet, or, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut as well, not onlybut also主谓一致:当主语由and , bothand 连接时,通常用复数谓语.Both the girls and the boy are his friends.  当主语由neither nor, eitheror, not onlybut also或or 连接时,谓语动词与 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英语语法中，这被称为就近一致.Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad. 26.       一般现在时的复习,状态动词,标点符号的使用.以下一些动词很少用与进行时态:appear(看起来), appreciate(鉴赏), believe(相信), feel(感觉到), forget(忘记), hear(听见), know(知道), like(喜欢), look like(看起来像), notice(注意到), remember(记得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(认为), understand(理解), have(拥有),love(爱), seem(看起来), show(显示), mind(介意), sound(听起来), hate(讨厌), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲), 引号:引号位于一行之上,应该在句尾其他标点符号, 如逗号,句号,问好之外.  引语的第一个词以大写字母开头.在said, asked, 等词后面用逗号,只有当它们位于句尾时才在它们后面用句号.当said, asked等词置于引语之间时,句子的后半部分以小写开头.当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落.27.       复习一般过去时/不规则过去式和过去分词常用不规则动词过去式和过去分词在英语里约有300多个put up(搭建), put out(扑灭), put on(穿上), put sb. up(为某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄写), put off(推迟), put away(放好，放到一边去)28.       现在完成时复习/定语从句(见复合句部分)l  与现在完成时连用的时间副词:yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never, so far(迄今为止), up till now(直到现在), up to now(直到现在), since(自从), for a long time(很长时间), in the past/in the last few years(在过去的几年里), these days(目前), l  某些非延续性动词(动作开始变终止的动词), 在现在完成时中不 能与表示一段时间状语搭配:例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 这些动词并非不能用在现在完成时,而是不能接由for引导的时间状语.但是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用.Jane has gone away for a month. (wrong)Jane has been away for a month.(right)His father has died for two years. (wrong)His father has been dead for two years.(right)has gone to (去了某地,指人还在那里), have been to (去过某地, 人已经不在那里了)。29.       一般过去时对比过去完成时,现在分词/过去分词refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too30.   冠词用法定冠词用法(1)特指(2)地理名词前加定冠词         河流the yellow river         山脉 the Alps, the Himalayas         海峡海湾the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel(3)由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词         国名及政治组织名the United States, the United Kingdom         某些机构学校及建筑名 the British Museum         由普通名词构成的报刊杂志名 the New York Times, the Times零冠词1.         街名2.         广场名3.         车站, 机场, 公园, 桥梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge4.         大学名 Yale University, Cambridge University5.         节日名National Day, May Day, News Years Day6.         多数杂志名 Time, Readers Digest7.         物质名词一般意义 Water boils at 100 degrees. We can not live without air.8.         抽象名词  Life is short. Art is difficult to appreciate.31. used to do 用法 Used to do 表示过去常常做某事现在不做了 I used to get up at seven oclock. Experience, save, very/too32. 比较级/最高级, 比较状语从句（见复合句-比较状语从句） A/one的区别33. 介词用法 Passed/past, next/other34. 被动语态总结 一般现在时: is/am/are done一般过去时: was/were done现在进行时: is/am/are being done现在完成时: have/has been done过去完成时: had been done一般将来时: will be done过去将来时: would be done过去进行时: was/were being done情态动词: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done,情态动词完成式: can have been done,must have been done,could have been done, may have been done，might have been done,Call at(拜访某地), call out at(大声喊), call on(拜访某人), call sb up(给某人打电话), call off(取消)35. 主语+谓语(感官动词)+doing表示正在发生的事情,+do 表示已经完成的动作. So/suchSo+adj. /adv.such+n. 固定用法：so many36. 一般将来时will/be going to do will/be going to do一般情况下可以相互替换,但是要表示说话人决定做某事或者表示建议,请求, 肯定或不肯定等含义时只能用will. Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable37. 将来完成时 Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(当心), look up (查询,), look sb. up(拜访某人)38. as if /though+虚拟语气, 过去完成时总结 as if /though 常在描述行为的动词后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虚拟语气 He looks as if he were a king. Her skin feels as if it were silk. The song sounds as if it were a sad story. He looked as if he had never lived in England. No soonerthan, hardlywhen, country/countryside, continuously, continually, No soonerthan 一就   与过去完成时连用I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain.The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.Hardlywhen 几乎没来得及就   与过去完成时连用 He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him.I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.如果hardlywhen放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.39. 直接引语变间接引语 1.   引语前用that, 口语中可以省略2.   根据句意改变人称3.   时态变化: 一般现在时-一般过去时, 一般过去时-过去完成时, 一般将来时-过去将来时, 现在进行时-过去进行时, 现在完成时-过去完成时, can-could, may-might, must-had to, 4.   一些指示代词及表示地点及时间的词 this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week- the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next (following) day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take如果意思上没有必要改变就不用变了，比如在同一天说的话.She said she would come again tonight. He said he arrived yesterday morning.几种特殊的间接引语 n         特殊疑问句, 语序要变为陈述语序“Where are you going?” he asked.He asked me where I was going.n         一般疑问句, 要加if/whether “Will you come tomorrow?” he asked.He asked if I would come the next day.n         祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择“Stay here,” the policeman said. The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window. 常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid40. 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法, make/do 对现在事实的虚拟, if从句中谈论的是想象的情况,主句则推测想象的结果结构: 主句用过去时, 从句用过去将来时If you came here earlier, you would catch the train. If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.If I were you, I would accept this offer.注意: 如果if从句中的动词是be, 那么应该在第一和第三人称单数名词后用 were.Make/do用法 make conversation(聊天), make the bed(铺床), make a promise(许诺), make trouble(找麻烦), make progress(取得进步), make money(赚钱), make a speech(演讲,讲话), make mistakes(犯错误), make up ones mind(下定决心)do ones best(尽最大努力), do ones homework(做家庭作业), do a few jobs(做家务), do sb. a favour(帮忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做练习), do shopping(购物), do business(做生意)41. 情态动词 need, must, have to1.  need 一般作为实义动词使用        需要某物He needs a hat. Does he need a hat?        需要做某事need to do        I need to have a rest. You need to finish your work.     需要被,主语与need 后的动词为被动关系:need doing=need to be done   The flowers need watering. =The flowers need to be watered.2.   need用做情态动词时一般为否定形式neednt(不必要), 可以用来回答含有must, have to 的一般疑问句, 与 dont have to 同义      Must I wash the dishes? No, you neednt.3.  need 完成式neednt have done4.  mustnt 表示不应该,一般口气比较强硬,没有商量.        You mustnt get up late.        Remark/observe, notice2.       have 用法总结have a ride(骑), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), have a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(尝试), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸烟), have a good sleep(睡觉)Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,学习,找到), pick out(挑出), 3.       情态动词can/could/be able to do1.  can 表示可能性     If you want, I can go with you.2.  表示天生或学到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在现在时和过去时中，在将来时中要用will be able to3.  表示现在正在发生的事要用can    Look! He can stand on his head.4.  表示成果的完成某个具体动作时通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某动作没有成功用couldnt   Can he borrow a book successfully?   Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister. No, he couldnt.At 词组At first(开始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any rate(无论如何), at heart(本质上), at least(至少), at times(不时), at a loss(不知所措)44.       复习动名词用法1.    动名词可以做句子的主语,表语,宾语,介词宾语2.    在含有介词的动词短语后面要用动名词, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to,  be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.3.    有些动词后面既可用动名词也可以用不定式,所表达的意思没有区别,常见的词: start, begin, continue, delay, mean, 4.    有些动词后面加不定式表示一件具体的事情，加动名词表示一种习惯.       I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.45.       复习   Steal/rob, pay backSteal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其宾语一般为物品rob表示抢劫,其宾语一般是人或者某个处所pay back 还钱, 报复46.       介词用法47.       复习suggest 用法, 当建议用时后面加虚拟should +动词原形, should 可以省略.48.       复习   Summary of Unit 349.       复合句的构成：   用现在分词构成复合句：现在分词的动作的主语需与主句的主语一致。   用过去分词构成复合句，用语较正式的文体，代替被动语态，     Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.     Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.  不定式构成复合句，不定式表示目的：   To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.   I went into the garden to pick some flowers.通过从句构成复合句：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同谓语从句）， 关系从句（定语从句）， 状语从句（时间，地点，原因，条件，方式，目的，结果，比较，让步）50.   复合句：       lose/loose/miss       expect/wait for51.       一般过去时复习：       raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win52.       现在完成进行时形容词变副词：1    直接在形容词后加-ly,  careful-carefully, slow-slowly,2  以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily3  有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化   fast, hard, late4  有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,3.       时态对比：一般过去时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时       throw to,/throw at/throw away       quite/quiet       cause/reason       drop/fall4.       Some, any的用法         some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用   some         many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money. I dont have much money.         当一个名词在词组中表示主要目的时不要定冠词：in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university,go to school/church/work/go to the cinema/theatre       most表示大多数或非常：Most students came to class today. We are most excited.The most是many/much的比较级，或者构成形容词副词的比较级，只能表示最多或用在形容词或副词前面，       This is the most interesti