英语教学法知识点整理(共8页).docx

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1， Structural view of language sees languages as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems (Larsen-Freeman&Long): Phonology, morphology, syntax.语言的结构观把语言看作是由各种子系统组成的语言系统（弗里曼&朗）：音位学、形态学、句法。2， Functional view: communicative needs of the learner (Johnson and Marrow), the functional view not only sees languages as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, and apologizing.功能观：学习者的交际需求（约翰逊和马罗），功能观不仅把语言看作一种语言系统，而且把语言看作一种做事的手段。我们日常使用的大部分语言都涉及功能性活动：提供、建议和道歉。3， Interactional view: the interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.互动观：互动观认为语言是一种交际工具，其主要作用是建立和维护人与人之间的社会关系。4， Behaviourist theory: the way human acquires language (Harmer). Based on their experiments, Watson and Raynor formulated a stimulus-response theory of psychology. The key point of the theory of conditioning is that “ you can train an animal to do anything(within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement”(Harmer) 行为主义理论：人类获取语言的方式（哈默）。基于他们的实验，华生和雷诺制定了心理学的刺激反应理论。条件作用理论的关键是，“如果你遵循一个有三个主要阶段：刺激、反应和强化的特定程序，你可以训练一只动物做任何事情（在理性范围内）。”5， Cognitive theory: the term cognitivism is often used loosely to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat( Noam Chomsky, Skinner) P5认知理论：认知主义这个术语经常被松散地用来描述要求学生思考而不是简单重复的方法（诺姆·乔姆斯基，斯金纳）p5。6， Constructivist theory: it is believed that education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned. Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners( John Dewey)建构主义理论：人们认为教育是用来发展思想的，而不仅仅是用来死记硬背所学的东西。教师需要设计环境并与学习者互动，以培养创新性、创造性和批判性的学习者（约翰·杜威）7， Socio-constructivist theory: represented by Vygotsky emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD) and scaffolding. In other words, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners.社会建构主义理论：以维果茨基为代表，强调在“近端发展区”（ZPD）和“支架式”概念的基础上，在社会语境中与目标语言的互动和联系。换句话说，学习最好是通过教师和学习者之间以及学习者之间的动态互动来实现的。8， A good teacher not only depend on his command of the language but also depend on ethic devotion, professional qualities and personal styles(Parrot)一个好的老师不仅取决于他对语言的掌握，还取决于他的道德奉献、职业素质和个人风格9， Teachers professional competence development involves stage1 language development, stage2 (the most crucial and more complicated) learning, practice and reflection, stage3 goal professional competence. P9教师职业能力发展包括第一阶段：语言发展、第二阶段（最关键、最复杂）学习、实践与反思、第三阶段目标职业能力。10， The ultimate goal of foreign language teaching is to enable students to use the foreign language in work or life when necessary. Very often there is a big gap between the language used in real life and the language learned in classrooms.外语教学的最终目标是使学生在必要时能在工作或生活中使用外语。在现实生活中使用的语言和在教室里学习的语言之间经常有很大的差距。11， The goal of CLT is to develop students communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use language appropriately in communicative situations.CLT的目标是培养学生的交际能力，包括语言知识和如何在交际情境中恰当使用语言的知识12， Hedge discusses 5 main components of communicative competence: linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence and fluency. P1813， CLT(communicative language teaching)s three principles suggested by Richards and Rodgers:1) Communicative principle: activities that involve real communication promote learning.2) Task principle: activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning.3) Meaningful principle: language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process.理查兹和罗杰斯提出的CLT三项原则：1）交际原则：涉及真实交际的活动，促进学习。2）任务原则：用语言进行有意义的任务的活动，促进学习。3）有意义原则：对学习者有意义的语言支持学习过程14， Ellis has listed 6 criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are: 1) Communicative purpose, 2) Communicative desire, 3) Content, not form,4) Variety of language, 5) No teacher intervention 6) No materials control.15， Task-based language teaching(TBLT) P2616， Clark, Scarino and Brownell believe that a task has 4 main components:1) A purpose: making sure students have a reason for undertaking the task2) A context: this can be real, stimulated or imaginary, and involves sociolinguistic issues such as the location, the participants and their relationship, the time, and other important factors3) A process: getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving, reasoning, inquiring, conceptualizing and communicating4) A product: there will be some form of outcome, ether visible or invisible.克拉克、斯卡里诺和布劳内尔认为，一项任务有四个主要组成部分：1）目的：确保学生有理由承担该任务。2）语境：这可以是真实的、刺激的或想象的，涉及社会语言问题，如位置、参与者及其关系、时间和其他重要因素。3）过程：让学生使用诸如问题解决、推理、询问、概念化和交流等学习策略。4）产品：会有某种形式的结果，可见或不可见。17， PPP(Presentation, Practice and Production)18， A lesson planning is a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decisions about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it.课程规划是一个课程框架，在这个框架中，教师对他们希望实现的目标和希望实现的目标做出预先决定。19， Principles for good lesson planning: aim, variety, flexibility, learnability and linkage. P53良好的课程规划原则：目标、多样性、灵活性、学习能力和联系20， Macro planning vs. micro planning P5421， Macro planning involves 1) Knowing about the profession 2) knowing about the institution 3) Knowing about the learners 4) Knowing about the curriculums 5) Knowing about the textbook 6) Knowing about the objectives22， Teaching aims are the contents to be covered, such as grammar, vocabulary or language skillsP5623， Language contents and skills: language contents are structures, vocabulary, functions, topics etc. and language skills are communicative skills involved in listening, speaking, reading and writing.24， Stages and procedure: stages refer to the major chunks of activities that teachers go through in a lesson and procedures are the detailed steps in each teaching stages.25， Presenting grammar: the deductive method, the inductive method and the guided discovery method.呈现语法：演绎法、归纳法和引导发现法。26， The advantages and disadvantages of deductive method P10427， Ellis suggests the following procedures for teaching grammar using listening as input: 1) Listening to comprehend2) Listening to notice3) Understanding the grammar point4) Checking5) Trying it out26，grammar practice is usually divided into 2 categories: Mechanical practice and meaningful practice语法练习通常分为两类：机械练习和有意义练习。专心-专注-专业