美式英语中的连读和略读技巧(共43页).docx

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上美语中的连读和略读技巧同化同化是两个音相互作用,导致最后产生另外一个音的现象,这样可以使句子显得更流畅。1./s/+/j/如:this year等(1)I guess youre right. 我想你是对的。(2)I miss you. 我想念你。2./z/+/j/(1)What brings you here? 什么风把你刮到这儿来了?(2)Im not gonna lose you again.3./t/+/j/ 如:congratulation、last year等(1)Nice to meet you.很高兴见到你。(第二次见面就说Nice to see you.)(2)What you doing? 你在做什么?4./d/+/j/如:education等(1)Pinned ya. 压在你身上了。(狮子王中的一句台词,听起来是/pin /。这两个单词包含的发音规则有弱读+同化。)(2)How did you like it? 你觉得怎样?连读在正常英语口语中,连读现象比比皆是。有些较短的句子听起来简直就像一个单词,所以学好连读是通向流利英语必经之路。1.词尾辅音+词首元音这种连读最常见也最简单,把相邻的两个单词想象成一个单词即可。(1) Im so fed up with him. 他让我烦透了。(2) Ive already made up my mind. 我意已决。(3) That is so gross rus.太俗了。(4) Turn on the juice. 合上开关,恢复通电。(juice也有电的意思) 2.词尾元音+词首元音A:以/u/、/、/au/、/o/结尾的单词与跟在后面的元音连读时,两个元音之间加上一个较轻的/w/,这样过渡就会很自然。(1) Just do it. 尽管去做吧!(2)Its snowing. 下雪了。(3) Dont blow it. 别搞砸了。(4)So easy. 太简单了。B: 如果单词结尾是/i/、/ai/、/e/结尾并与其后的元音连读,则两个元音见带上一个较弱的/j/。(1) My aunt will come to see us today. 姑妈今天回来看我们。(2) I hate to say it, but you really should pay me back the money.真的不想说这个，但是你借我的钱应该还给我了。不完全爆破发音方法为:第一个爆破音不发声,只需做出发音的姿势,稍作停顿马上过渡到下一个音。例如,Goodbye中的/d/就不能发出声来,如果读成/gudbai/就会显得很生硬。(一) 爆破音+爆破音6个爆破音中任意两个紧挨在一起,则第一个爆破音失去爆破。大家一起来学习下面的例子:hot day good time sit down cheapbookred coat old picture football blackboard1.What are we supposed to do? 我们该怎么办?2.Lets get down to business. 我们开始说正事。(二)爆破音+摩擦音/破擦音outside good friends last Sunday big change1.Youre a beautiful person inside and outside.2.Im not fat, Im big boned. 我不胖,我只是骨架大。(三)爆破音+破擦音picture lecture Fat chance ancient China1. Im going give you one last chance. 我在给你最后一次机会。2. Good-bye to this dead-end job! 别了,这份没前途的工作!(四)鼻腔爆破其发音要领为:/t/或/d/与/n/同时发音,两者相互作用导致鼻腔爆破,最后发出的音既不是/t/或/d/,也不是单独的/n/。garden Britain important certain bread and butter1.I feel like I am not important to you. 我感觉我对你一点也不重要。2.I lost my student ID card. 我的学生证丢了。(五)舌边爆破mostly absolutely bustling unlikely1.You are absolutely right. 你完全正确。2.We are free at last! 我们终于自由了!弱读对于大多数同学,弱读是一个很陌生的概念,因为我们的英语老师很少讲这个知识,所以大家说英语时几乎对每个英语单词(除了the和a)都采用的了强读形式。可是真正说英语时全部都是强读,则整个句子必然没有节奏,没有婉转的感觉,枯燥无味。弱读的一半规则:元音一次弱化之后主要是变为/,二次弱化后这个音就消失了;辅音弱化后也消失了。下面介绍常用单词的弱读形式单词弱读音标 疯狂操练and /n/ You n me are pretty good friends.can /kn/ I can drive a car.are /r/ Were from Hunan.was /wz/ How was your winter break?them /him/m/ 1. Kill em.(kill him也弱读为/kilm/)2. God bless him.her /r/ Ill tell er. (连读)at /t/ At the same time.to /t/或/t/ I have ta go.of /v/ 1.Do you want a cup of water?2.Its kinda funny. (a kind of)for /fr/ I will be right here waiting for you.you /y/ 1.See ya.2.Let me tell ya.缩读大部分的缩读情况可以理解为弱读+连读。如果能够灵活运用弱读和缩读的话,那么你的口语又会更上一层楼了。标准形式缩读形式实用例句：because cause /kz/ Cause I dont give a damn.dont know d unno /dno/ Sorry, I dont know.give me gimme /gm/ 1. Gimme five.going to gonna /gan/ Thats I was gonna say.go to gatta /gat/ 1 I gotta go.2.You gotta move on with your life.3.want to wanna /wan/ 1. I wanna be different.2. I wanna change my life!-ing -in /n/(一般用于进行时) 1. Whats goin on?2. Whats happenin?out of outta /aut/ Lets get outta here.had/would d /d/ Thatd be great. 那太好了。have ve /v/ Ive heard so much about you.口语要素1.You can say that again. 你说的没错。2.Give me a break. 别逗了。3.Ill say. 的确。(Yes, definitely.)4.Nothing doing! 没门!5.Call him off. 叫他收手吧。BONUS 额外奖励and的弱读我们读英语时每当碰到and时,一般都会读作/ænd/,殊不知,在美语口语里面,and通常只需弱读为/n/,甚至是一个简单的鼻音/n/。当说话者需要强调时则会把and读作/ænd/.如果能够掌握好这个发音规则,我们的口语将更加流畅,听力理解也更加畅听无阻。1.Struggle n strife come before success. 成功之前必有一番挣扎和竞争。2.I have traveled through time n space to find you.3.Without you, my life will be blank n white. 没有你,我的生活将暗淡无光。连读、加音、爆破、同化、省音、弱读、浊化英语常见语流现象1. 连读:两个相邻单词首尾音素自然的拼读在一起,中间不停顿,被称为连读。连读只发生在同一意群之内,即意思联系紧密的短语或从句之内。1)词尾辅音+词首元音,如:Standup.Notatall.Putiton, please.Please pickitup.I'manEnglish boy.Itisanold book.Let me havea lookatit. Ms Black worked inanoffice.I called you halfanhourago.2)词尾不发音r或re+词首元音,词尾r发音/r/。如:farawayHereis a letter for you.Hereare foureggs.whereis my cup?Whereare your brotherand sister?They're my fatherand mother.I looked forit hereand there.Thereis a football underit.Thereare some books on the desk.注:当有意群进行停顿时不可连读。如:Isit a hat ora cat?(hat 与or 之间不可以连读)Thereisa good book in my desk. (book 与in 之间不可以连读)Can you speakEnglish or French? (English 与or 之间不可以连读)Shall we meet ateight or ten tomorrow morning? (meet 与 at,eight与or 之间不可以连读)She opened the door and walkedin. (door 与and 之间不可以连读)2. 加音:在连贯的语流中,人们往往会在两个元音之间加入一个外加音帮助发音,从而更加流畅地表达意思。1)词尾元音/,u:/+词首元音,在词尾加上一个轻微的/w/。如:Go w away.How w and why did you come here?The question is too w easy for him to answer.2)词尾元音/,i:/+词首元音,在词尾加上一个轻微的/j/。如:I j am Chinese.She can't carry j it.I j also need the j other one.He j is very friendly to me.She wants to study j English.It'll take you three j hours to walk there.3. 失去爆破与不完全爆破:1)失去爆破:爆破音+爆破音当两个爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/相邻时,前一个爆破音只按其发音部位做好发音口形、形成阻碍,而不爆破出来,稍微停顿后即发出后面的辅音。前一个爆破音被称为失去爆破。失去爆破产生的原因大体上是由于省力原则造成的。如:Kept/Blackboard/Notebook/Goodbye/September/SuitcaseBig boySharp pencilWhat timeYou must pay.Ask Bob to sit behind me.She took good care of the children.2)不完全爆破:A)爆破音+摩擦音爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/与摩擦音/f,v,s,z,ð,r,h/相邻时,产生不完全爆破。发摩擦音时,发音器官并不形成阻碍而只形成一个很狭小的缝隙,让气流从缝隙中摩擦而出。如果一个爆破音与摩擦音相接,它爆破冲出的气流只能从狭小的缝隙中通过,这种爆破是不完全的。失去爆破产生的原因大体上是由于省力原则造成的。如:Advance/SuccessA good viewOld friendsJust thenGet throughMake sureNight showKeep silence.Keep that in mind.B)爆破音+破擦音爆破音与破擦音/t,d,tr,dr/相邻时,产生不完全爆破。如:Picture/ObjectThat childGood jobSweet dreamGreat changesA fast trainC)爆破音+鼻辅音爆破音与鼻辅音/m,n,/相邻时:在词中,不完全爆破;在词尾,鼻腔爆破。如:Utmost/Admit/Midnight/Certain/Button/GardenGood morningGood nightStart nowI dont knowJust momentA good neighborD)爆破音+边辅音爆破音与边辅音/l/相邻时:在词中,不完全爆破;在词尾,舌侧爆破。如:Lately/Badly/Mostly/FriendlyA bit louderId like toStraight lineGood luckAt lastAt lunch4. 同化:人们在说话的时往往会不自觉地让一个音受相邻音的影响,使它们变得与其相同或相似;或者两个音互相影响,变为第三个音。这两种现象被称为音的同化。同化可以发生在同一个词、复合词内或者句子相邻词之间。1)因声带的影响而发生的同化:A)浊辅音可变为清辅音,如:of(vf) course,his(zs) pen,with(ð) pleasure。B)清辅音可变为浊辅音,如:like(kg) that。2)因发音部位的影响而发生的同化:A)/t/+/j/t/。如:Dont hurt yourself!Ill let you go this time.Dont you do that again.Its very nice to meet you.B)/d/+/j/d/。如:Did your sister come?Would you please come in?Could you read this for me please?You didnt like English, did you?C)/s/+/j/。如:I miss you.May God bless you.We will come this year.D)/z/+/j/。如:Heres your ticket.I love you because you are you.Dont expect he tells you the truth.5. 省音:在快速、随便的言语中,一些音素被省略掉,被称为省音。省音能提高语速,使说话省力。在正式场合和语速慢的情况下,省音不是必须的。1)同一单词内元音的省略,主要是非重读音节中的/和/,如: ord(i)n(a)ry。2)当前一单词以辅音结尾,后一单词以/开头时,/常被省略,如:walk(a)way。3)当前一单词以否定形式-n't结尾,后一单词以辅音开头时,/t/常被忽略,如:She isn'(t) there.I didn(t) hear you.He can(t) believe that.4)任何一个辅音,若后面紧跟着/h/,/h/可以不发音。如:Come (h)ere! Must (h)e /ti/ go?What will (h)e /wili/do?Has (h)e done it before? Tell (h)im to ask (h)er5)将多个单词利用连读爆破等拼和在一起。如:gotta(got to)gonna(going to)kinda(kind of)lotsa(lots of)gimme(give me)6. 强读式和弱读式:在一个句子,有些词说得又轻又快,而且较为含糊,有些词则说得又重又慢,而且较为清晰。那些说得响亮而清晰的词就是句子重音所在。实词(包括名词、实义动词、形容词、副词、数词疑问词等)一般都接受句子重音,为重读词,采用强读式;虚词(包括介词、代词、连词、冠词、助动词、情态动词等功能词)一般都不接受句子重音,为非重读词,采用弱读式。6.1 一般规律:1)弱读式只出现在句子的非重读词中。如:Pass me/m/ the/ð/ book. me、the弱读。2)单词单独出现或在句首或句尾时,都采用强读式。如:What are youlistening to/tu:/?3)被特别强调的词,无论实词还是虚词都采用强读式。如:I am/æm/ Peter.我就是皮特。6.2 虚词弱读规律:1)长音变短音,如:she/i:/弱读/。2)元音前面的辅音被省略,如:him/hm/弱读/m/。3)辅音前面的元音被省略,如:am/æm/弱读/m/。4)元音一般弱读为/,如:can/kæn/弱读/kn/。5)部分虚词有多种弱读式,如:would/wd/弱读/d,d/。7. 浊化:1)/s/ 后面的清辅音要浊化。如:/k/浊化成/g/: scar/school/discussion/t/浊化成/d/: stand/student/mistake/p/浊化成/b/: spring/spirit/expression2)美音中,当/t/出现在两个元音之间并且处于非重读位置的时候,/t/需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。这样,writer听起来和rider 的发音几乎没有区别。如:Letter/water/better/duty/bitter/cityI got it.Would you please pick it up?注:/t/如果处于重读位置的话,即使在两个元音之间也不需要浊化。请比较:清晰的/t/ 浊化的/t/I'talian 'Italya'tomic 'atomLa'tino 'Latinpho'tographer 'photograph3)美音中,当/t/前面是一个元音,后面是一个模糊的/l/,且处于非重读位置,/t/也需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。如:Battle/bottle/cattle/little/rattle/settle4) 美音中,当/t/前面是一个清辅音或前鼻音/n/,后面是一个元音,且处于非重读位置,/t/也需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。如:Twenty/fifty/center/after/faster/actor/sister/yesterday前五篇我拿了一些日常的美国用语和大家分享,今天我想介绍一下oral English里面最重要的一个部分连读失音技巧。可以这么说,前五篇的内容如果你亲身在美国呆上个半年一年,你自己很容易掌握那些日常用语,而连读失音技巧,即使是很多在美国呆了一年以上甚至是几年的中国学生仍然感到非常困扰。于是乎,我们经常会怀疑,对方说的是英语么?而当我们遇到一个美国native叽里呱啦的说一大堆的时候,往往只能回一句“pardon?”,“Excuse me?”。(顺便说下,美国人听不清楚别人说话的时候,基本上不说“pardon”,更常用的是“ Im sorry, what was that?”)1. 辅音接元音连读。这一种连读应该是中国学生最为熟悉的一种连读方式,当前一个单词的尾音是辅音,而后一个单词的开头是元音发音的时候,就要求讲辅音和元音连读。需要提醒的一点在于,前一个单词的尾音为辅音,并不一定是这个单词的最后一个字母是辅音字母,而是它的发音的尾音为辅音。举个简单的例子: there is其中“there”的最后一个字母是“e”,可是它的尾音发的却是“r”,所以依然是连读的。2. 元音接元音连读。这种情况的连读是基本上所有中国学生所忽略到的,也许在美国呆久了的学生在平时说话的时候已经运用到了这样的连读,可是他们自己不一定知道,原来元音和元音直接也是有连读的。元音接元音的连读分为两种情况:当前一个单词的尾音是元音结尾,并且最后的嘴型成“o”状时(如元音“u”),而后一个单词的开头也是元音,则在后一个单词的前面加一个“w”的音;当前一个单词尾音是元音结尾,并且最后的嘴型成“-”状时(如元音“i”),而后一个单词的开头也是元音,则在后一个单词的前面加一个“y”的音。上面说的很纠结,大家只用记住4个苹果的例子就可以了。e.g. one apple = o-napple two apples = two-wapplesthree apples = three-yapples four apples = fou-rapples也许大家觉得我说的元音连读根本没什么机会用,其实不然,你每天都有机会用,随便找一个美剧,你仔细的听一下,他们是怎么发音下面的三个短语的,你会惊人的发现,他们其实正是遵循了这样的元音连读规则:e.g. I am = I (y)am you are = you (w)are we are = we (y)are3. “t”, ”d”接辅音时的失音技巧。前一词以“t”, ”d”结尾,后一词以辅音开头,则其中“t”, ”d”失音。这也是为什么有时候大家绝对美国人是不是时态有问题,其实不是。举两个典型的例子:refused both, settled there。这里“d”是不读出来的,给人的感觉就是他读的是现在时态,其实并不是。另外还有一些“t”, ”d”接辅音失音的例子:e.g. last class , next day , kept quiet etc.4. “h”音的省略。当前一个单词的结尾为辅音结束,而后一个单词以“h”音开头时,“h”音省略。下面给大家几个例子,可以每天练一下:e.g. Give her a book. = Giv-er a book.Tell him to ask her. = Tell-im to ask-er.What will he do? = What will-e do?Had he done it before? = Had-e don-it before?5. 美语中的习惯连读。doing = doin其中最后的g音省略out of = outta kind of = kinda sort of = sortagot to = gotta want to = wanna going to = gonnawhat are you doing? = whatcha doin?See you = see yanext year = nex shear last year = las shear6. “can”与“cant”的重音区分。先给大家看一个句子:I can drive a car, but I cant drive a boat.根据辅音的失音规则,“cant”中的“t”是不发音的,那么如何区分出你到底是会开车还是会开船呢?美国人通常运用的是重音来区分,当你表达你“can”做什么的时候,重音在你做的动词上,而当你表达你“cant”做什么的时候,重音在“cant”上面。所以上面这句话应该是:I can drive a car, but I can(t) drive a boat. 其中表示重读的地方,(t)表示失音1. 击穿连读(1)/h/很弱,很容易被击穿with+him=with(h)imwith+her=with(h)er(2)/t/和/d/在/n/后通常被击穿twenty-twen(t)y internet-in(t)ernetwanted-wan(t)ed and+I=an(d) I(3)/th/在/n/后有时也被击穿seen+that=seen (th)at I've never seen that movie.(4)with后如果有弱读的元音音节,with有时会变成/wit/with+our=wit(h)arwith+it=wit(h)Di2. 失去爆破爆破音(t d k g p b)后接除了/j/, /w/, /r/之外的辅音要失去爆破*遇到/h/可算到击穿连读的情况里3. 融合t+j=ch Nice to meet you.d+j=d3 I called you yesterday.s+j=sh God bless you.z+j=3 I'll do as you wish.4. 闷音garden, student, sentence5.浊化(1)t的浊化Italy, later, betterItalian, hotel(2)s后爆破轻辅音的浊化sky, star, speak一、连读的条件:相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关,同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读,只需顺其自然地一带而过,不可读得太重,也不可音。(连读符号:)二、连读规则1.“辅音+元音”型连读在同一个意群里,如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾,后一个词是以元音开头,这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。ImanEnglish boy.Itisanold book.Let me havea lookatit.Ms Black worked inanoffice lastyesterdI calledyou halfanhourPutiton, please.Notatall.Please pickitup.2.“r/re+元音”型连读如果前一个词是以-r或者-re结尾,后一个词是以元音开头,这时的r或re不但要发/r/,而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。Theyre my fatherand mother.I looked forit hereand there.Thereis a football underit.Thereare some books on the desk.Hereis a letter for you.Hereare foureggs.But whereis my cup?Whereare your brotherand sister?但是,如果一个音节的前后都有字母r,即使后面的词以元音开头,也不能连读。The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.(nearer与and不可连读)there 与is 连读为theris ð ris there与are 连读为therareðra3.“辅音+半元音”型连读英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音,如果前一个词是以辅音结尾,后一个词是以半元音,特别是/j/开头,此时也要连读。Thankyou.Nice to meetyou.Didyou get there lateagain?Wouldyou likea cupof tea?Couldyou help me, please?辅音+半元音”型连读英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音,如果前一个词是以辅音结尾,后一个词是以半元音,特别是/j/开头,此时也要连读。Thankyou.Nice to meetyou.Didyou get there lateagain?Wouldyou likea cupof tea?Couldyou help me, please?注意: 常把/d/+/j/读成/d/,did you听上成了/dIdu/,would you成了/wudu/,could you成了/kudu/。音的同化也是一种连读的现象,两个词之间非常平滑的过渡,导致一个音受临音影响而变化。主要是以下三种方式:1、辅音d与j相邻时,被同化为d:Would you.?2、辅音t与j相邻时,被同化为t: Cant you:。?3、辅音s与j相邻时, 被同化为: Miss you4. “元音+元音”型连读如果前一个词以元音结尾,后一个词以元音开头,这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。Iam Chinese.Heis very friendly to me.She wants to studyEnglish.Howand why did you come here?She cant carryit.Itll take you threehours to walk there.The question is tooeasy for him to answer.(4)“元音+元音”型元音对元音的连续实际上是在元音之间插入半元音j或w,从而使纯元音音节之间的过渡变得自然、流畅,读起来更加上口。半元音插入情况如下:前面的单词以敞口元音i e结尾,紧随其后的单词以元音i、e、ai、i、i开头,这时,在两个单词之间出现半元音j作为过渡。前面的单词以闭口元音u、u结尾,紧随其后的单词以元音u、u、au开头,这时,在两个单词之间出现半元音w作为过渡。radio How are you doing?e aI oI举例 u w 连读 go w aut hou w old为了把两个相邻的词连在一起,人们往往在以a音节结尾的单词后面加上r音,以便和后一个词的其首元音连接,这种添加的r称为“外加音”r。Iam Chinese.Heis very friendly to me.She wants to studyEnglish.Howand why did you come here?She cant carryit.Itll take you threehours to walk there.The question is tooeasy for him to answer.5. 失去爆破。6个爆破音有3对/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/失去爆破,又叫不完全爆破,就是在某些情况下,只须做出发音的准备,但并不发音,稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。(1)“爆破音+爆破音”型6个爆破音中的任意2个相临时,前一个爆破音会失去爆破,即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势,稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now.The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people.Wha(t) time does he get up every morningThis is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car.The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.Were going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday.What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?Its a very col(d) day, but its a goo(d) day.You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.I bought a chea(p) book, but its a goo(d) book.bla(ck) board, foo (t) ball, ke (p) t(2)“爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音,其后紧跟着某些摩擦音(/f/,/s/,/W/,/T/等),那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破,而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell.Goo(d) morning, dear.Uncle Lis fa(c)tory is qui(te) near to the cinema.I wen(t) there alone a(t) nine las(t) night.-Do you know his bi(ke) number? -Sorry, I don(t) know.The forty-firs(t) lesson is qui(te) difficult.I didn'(t) say so不完全爆破在两个相邻单词之间出现的情况非常多。爆破音中的任何两个爆破音相邻时,前一爆破音失去爆破。如a bi(g) car等。爆破音中的任何一个后接摩擦音/f/, /s/时,前面的爆破音失去爆破。如I didn'(t) say so. 爆破音后接/t/, /d/, /tr/, /dr /时,前面的爆破音失去爆破。如a grea(t) change等。爆破音后接/m/, /n/, /l/时,前面的爆破音失去爆破。如a bi(t) more expensive等。当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时,意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现,也不可连读。Isit ahat or a cat?(hat与or之间不可以连读)Thereisa good book in my desk. (book与in之间不可以连读)Can you speakEnglish or French? (En