同位语-同位语从句(共16页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上同位语当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。同理，当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。一.同位语的表现形式同位语的表现形式有以下几种：(1) 名词 Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. (2) 代词 I myself will do the experiment.(3) 数词 She is the oldest among them six.(4) 从句 He told me the news that the plane had exploded.他告诉我飞机爆炸的消息。(5) 由such as, that is引导 Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn.某些学科,例如数学和物理,是很难学的。(6) 由 of 引导 The city of Beijing has been greatly changed since 2000.自从2000年以来, 北京市发生了很大的变化。(7) 由 or 引导 The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure.结冰温度即冰点,是水在常压下结冰时的温度。二. 同位语的用法用法1：由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。(Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语,指同一人。)Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。用法2：如果同位语与其同位成分关系紧密，则它们之间不用逗点隔开;如果同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释，则可用逗点隔开。He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.他对我说,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。(brother和John都是单个的单词作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。)Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。(同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。)用法3：同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。He is interested in sports, especially ball games.他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。三. 同位语的特征1 同位语起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语;“解释的是整个名词，不是名短中某个词”，故同位语不是核心词修饰。2 同位语必须对其修饰对象具有解释力;3 同位语的位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面;4 同位语不影响主谓一致(谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语);5 同位语中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。四.同位语出现的“信号”提示同位语出现的“信号”既包括标点符号，也包括一些提示性词汇，熟悉这些“信号”有助于在阅读过程中对同位语作出迅速反应和判断。当看到提示性的“信号”时，可分析一下“信号”后面的成分是否用于解释、说明前面的一个词(组)，如果是，即可将该成分判断为同位语。1.逗号“,”例：Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a “work of genius（天才; 天赋; 天才人物; （特别的） 才能）.”2.单个破折号“”例：Or it might have developed like televisionas a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative.3.两个破折号，一前一后“.”例：American imagery（意象）the cars, the cities, the cowboysbecame the primary imagery of film.4.冒号“：”例：The numeration system of the Tsimshian language (蒂姆西亚语) in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated.5.括号“()”例：What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased.6.引导词(如or、that is to say、that is、in other words等)例：Wethat is to say my wife and Iwill be attending the wedding.同位语从句一、 定义在复合句中充当同位语的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句是对它前面的名词做进一步的解释的从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。由于同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词内容的从句，故它总是在被解释的名词的后面The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once. 将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。二、同位语从句在句中的位置1. 一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词（如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等）的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. 我们女排赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人。2. 当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，为了避免句子头重脚轻，同位语从句通常后置。同位语从句不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home. 她想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。（“that maybe she had left the door open when she left home”做the thought的同位语）注：（1）a thought comes to sb. 某人想到某事注：（2）thought 英:t 美t n.思想；想法；关心；思索；v.认为；以为；想；( think的过去式和过去分词) 思索；The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again. 据说他高考又落榜了。注：the story goes that 据说三、同位语从句连接词的选用在英语中，引导同位语从句的词通常有连词（that，whether；that作为引导词，在同位语从句中不充当任何成分），连接代词who，连接副词（how，when，where）等。例如：The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该做这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。We haven't settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 我们还没有决定到什么地方去度暑假。注：（1）settle 英 setl 美 stl vt.解决；安排；使定居；使沉淀；决定，确定的时间(或价格、条件等)；vi.下沉；定居n.高背长靠椅注：（2）度假spend one's holidays /vacation；go vacationing；take a holidayWe have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. 我们怀疑他们是否能准时完成任务。There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise. 我们相信张卫会守信的。注：在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接；在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。1.有些抽象名词的后面可以接that引导的同位语从句，用以解释说明这些名词的具体内容：We made the decision that we must act at once.我们做出决定：我们必须立即行动。There was little hope that he would survive. 他幸存的希望很小。注：little可以表示“小的”，也可表示“几乎没有（的）”。上句中，little的意思为“几乎没有”，但根据汉语的说话习惯，用来修饰“希望”的定语，通常“大（的）”或“小（的）”，所以把“几乎没有（的）”翻译为“小（的）”。His suggestion that we should carry a flashlight is reasonable.他建议我们带着手电筒的合理的。以下名词常用于以上句型：advice，announcement，argument，belief，claim，conclusion，decision，evidence，explanation，fact，feeling，hope，idea，impression，information，knowledge，message，news，notice, opinion，order，probability，promise，proposal，possibility, remark，reply，report，saying，statement，suggestion，thought，warning，wish，word（n.单词; 话语; 诺言; 消息vt.措辞，用词; 用言语表达vi.讲话）。2.如果同位语从句意义不完整，需增加"是否"的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句（if不能引导同位语从句）。whether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there. 他还没有做出决定是否去那里。3.what可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词I have no idea what he is doing now. 我不知道他现在在干什么。4.how可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词It's a question how he did it. 这是一个他如何做了那件事的问题。5.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“谁”、"什么时候"、"什么地点"、"什么方式/怎么样"、“为什么”等含义，应用who/whom，when, where, how，why用来引导同位语从句The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该做这个工作，这个问题需要考虑。I have no idea when they will be back and settle down（settle down定居; （使） 安静下来; 平息; 落到地面上来）.我不知道他们什么时候回来定居。I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike. 四、同位语从句中的虚拟语气在suggestion, advice, request, order, demand, requirement等表示“建议，命令，要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule (should) be adopted.The government gave the order that all these houses (should) be pulled down in three weeks.五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别1. 同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。例如：that引导同位语从句：The news that I have passed the exam is true.我通过了考试这一消息是真的。（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容）that引导定语从句：The news that he told me just now is true.他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。（定语从句，从句对前面的名词起修饰限制的作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息）2. 引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。例如：that引导同位语从句：The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成分）that引导定语从句：The idea that he gave surprises many people.（that在从句中做gave的宾语）3.引导同位语从句的连词不可省略;引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。 The news that he has been elected monitor of our class is true.同位语从句 The news (that) he told me is exciting.宾语从句专心-专注-专业