云南财经大学-英语思辨-复习资料(共23页).docx

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 Unit1Part 11. Critical thinking involves thinking about thinking2. The availability heuristic involves unconsciously assigning a probability to a type of event based on how often one thinks of events of that type. 3. An issue simply raises a question.4. The part of an argument that provides a reason for accepting the other part is called the premise. 5. A general rule we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities is called a heuristic.Part 21. The conclusion of an argument is what the premise supposedly supports or demonstrates. 2. The tendency to weigh negative evidence more heavily than positive evidence is called a negativity bias. 3. A(n) argument presents a consideration for accepting a claim. 4. Assuming that society in general shares the views held by us and the people we know is the falseconsensus effect.Part 31. “President Lincoln was the finest U. S. President in history” is an objective claim. (F)2. Whether an objective claim is true or false depends on whether people think it is true or false. (F)3. Critical thinking should include biases or emotions. (F) 4. Experienced philosophers or other specialists in their fields rarely make mistakes in reasoning. (F)Part 41. Educated guesses or rules of thumb are often called heuristics2. Emotion, greed, and bias are all factors that can undermine critical thinking. 3. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all that apply.) (C, D)A. To make vise decisions B. To come to correct conclusions C. To make hasty generalization D. To develop adversary thinking 4. All Dobermans are dogs. Some dogs like to bark. Therefore some Dobermans like to bark. The tendency to accept this argument at first glance may be due to. (D) A. self-serving bias B. negativity bias C. confirmation bias D. belief bias5. This bias is present when most members of a group think they are better at something than most other members of the group. (A)A. Better-than-average illusion B. Fundamental attribution error C. Belief bias D. Bandwagon effect6. What bias is in effect when you assume that the candidate whose name you see the most often is probably the most popular candidate? (B)A. Obedience to authority B. Availability heuristic C. Majority rules D. Bandwagon effectPart 51. An argument consists of, at minimum, _B_. A. a conclusion B. one premise and a conclusion C. two or more premises and conclusion D. a premise2. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all that apply.) (A, D)A. To come to correct conclusions B. To develop adversary thinking C. To make hasty generalizations D. To make wise decisions3. Suzanne is 99% certain most of her test answers are correct. In reality, most of her answers are not correct. What type of bias might Suzanne be demonstrating? (A)A. Overconfidence effect B. Poor estimation C. Belief bias4. Charles and his colleague Mikes children attend classes at the same school. Charles believes that his children's exceptional performance at school is due to their superior intelligence. He always attributes their occasional failures to bad luck. On the other hand, he believes that Mike's children achieve high test scores due to sheer luck and tends to attribute their failures to a possible lack of hard work and dedication. Which of the following is illustrated in this scenario? (A) A. In-group bias B. Availability heuristic C. Bandwagon effect D. Selection bias 5. A critical thinker tries to _B_. A. overstate conclusions B. evaluate arguments C. understate conclusions D. persuade an audience6. After seeing a number of reports concerning shark attacks, you decide not to visit the beach for spring break. Which cognitive bias is at play? (C) A. In-group bias B. Bandwagon effect C. Availability heuristicPart 61. This is the tendency to carry out orders from a superior without question. A. Negativity Bias B. Bandwagon effect C. Fundamental attribution error D. Obedience to authority2. The method used to come to correct conclusions is to evaluate our thinking by standards of _B_. A. informational theory B. logic and common sense C. statistics, history, and research 3. What types of arguments should you avoid? (A)A. Weak, invalid and irrelevant B. Strong, invalid, and relevant C. Weak, valid, and relevant D. Strong, valid, and relevant 4._C_ is the idea that if a person thinks something is morally wrong, then it is morally wrong for that person and he/she does not need to consider any further truth. A. Moral absolutism B. Moral objectivism C. Moral subjectivism 5. What is the result of expressing a belief, judgment, or opinion in a declarative sentence? (A)A. A claim B. A question C. An exclamation Unit 2Part11. Every argument must have at least one premise and a conclusion2. When there is an unstated premise, you should use the context and content to clarify if the argument is deductive or inductive. 3. When the premises of a valid argument are true, then the argument is sound. 4. The more support the premise provides to the conclusion of an inductive argument, the stronger the argument. Part21. Which of these is an argument? (B)A. I am a great thinker. B. I think. Therefore I am. C. I believe that I exist2. What are the two parts of an argument? (B)A. Statement and conclusion B. Premise and conclusion C. Premise and reasoning D. Premise and statement3. “1) She was out late last night which led to 2)her being overly tired this morning. 3) So, she wont show up for class.” How would you map this? A. 1-2-3 B. 2-1-3 C. 3-2-1 4. True or false: Common sense and background knowledge are important components of critical thinking. (B)A. False B. TruePart 3 1. “The financial cost of the death penalty is less that of life inprison. Also, it does not deter crime.” What is needed to makethis into an argument? (A)A. A conclusion B. A premise2. Which word or words indicate a conclusion is about to follow? (C)A. However B. The reason is C. Consequently3. Which of these words indicates a premise? (B)A. Therefore B. Since C. Consequently D. Hence4. Which type of persuasion relies on information or arguments? (A)A. Logos B. Pathos C. Ethos 5. “I have to vote for him. He is from my home town.” This is an example of (A)A. Ethos B. Pathos C. Logos Part 41. The conclusion of an argument is also called the _A_.A. thesis B. answer C. argument D. premise2. “Harold is a twin. Therefore, Harold has a sibling.” What isthe unstated premise? (A)A. All twins have siblings. B. Harold is not an only child.3. In a deductive argument, the premises _B_ the conclusion.A. support B. demonstrate 4. What type of reasoning involves weighing considerations for or against making a certain decision? (D)A. Rational Adjudication B. Inference to the Best Explanation C. Common Sense D. Balance of considerations 5. This type of reasoning compares alternative hypotheses to find the one with the best predictive accuracy. (B)A. Common Sense Explanation B. Inference to the Best Explanation C. Balance of Considerations Part51. The first and essential step in understanding an argument is to _A_. A. spot the conclusion B. identify the premise C. determine whether it is true D. determine whether it is valid 2. A movie can be considered as a/an: (A)A. none of the options B. conclusion C. argument D. premise 3. Identify a true statement about premises. (A)A. They are absent in a piece of pure rhetoric. B. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be stated explicitly. C. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be commonly known truths. D. They are absent in an argument4. True or false: An ifthen phrase can be considered an argument. A. True B. False 5. In an inductive argument, when the premises do not adequately support the conclusion, the argument is _C_. A. invalid B. unsound C. weakPart 61. An argument is sound _B_ the argument is valid and the premises are true. A. generally when B. if and only if2. A deductive argument (B)A. tries to support the conclusion.B. proves or demonstrates the conclusion.3. When thinking critically, “argument” means (B)A. a violent conflict B. attempt to support or prove something. C. a heated exchange4. Which list of words indicate a conclusion will follow? (A)A. Accordingly, consequently, therefore B. Given that, because, since C. Accordingly, because, therefore D. Hence, given that, because5. “I have an allergic reaction to nuts so I couldnt eat the cake. Further, I dont like chocolate. Hence, I skipped dessert.” What word indicated the conclusion? (B)A. So B. Hence C. FurtherUnit3Part11. A word or phrase that has multiple meanings is ambiguous2. Syntactic ambiguity results when there is a structural problem in the claim. 3. A(n) analytical definition specifies the features a thing must have in order for the term being defined to apply to it. 4. A definition by example is also called a (n) ostensive definition. 5. Semantic ambiguity arises when a word or phrase has more than one meaning. Part21. When writing an essay, you should strive to be _A_ in your treatment of the topic. A. complete B. biased C. haphazard2. Identify the principles of persuasive writing. (Check all that apply.) A. Personal considerations should be included in the discussion. B. Strongest arguments should be presented first. C. Every last criticism of ones position should be refuted, even if space or time is limited. D. If an opponents argument is good, one should concede that it is good.3. What principle is involved when ensuring that all points in an essay pertain to the issue under discussion? (C)A. Outlining the essay B. Logical sequencing C. Sticking to the issue4. Which of the following is a component of an argumentative essay? A. Rhetorical flourishes to add interest B. Rebuttal of arguments that support contrary positions5. “Secretaries make more money than physicians.” Does this claim suffer from grouping ambiguity? (A)A. Yes B. No6. A good definition strives to be _C_. A. Persuasive B. Convincing C. NeutralPart 31. Which of the following is not a vague term? (D)A. Spicy B. Passionate C. Hot D. 1002. What are some of the emotions that can arise due to a vague claim? A. Annoyance B. Frustration C. Anger D. All of the above3. The secret to good writing is _C_. A. persuasion B. verbosity C. revision D. ambiguity4. When an issue is buried within a historical or descriptive discussion, what type of error is committed? (A)A. Glancing blow B. Knee jerk reaction5. When writing your introduction, what should you try to avoid? (B)A. A thesis statement B. A windy preamble C. A thorough statement of the topic6. What principle requires that all points in an essay are clarified in an orderly fashion? (A)A. Logical sequencing B. Sticking to the issuePart41. “Aaron saw Ben after his Bar Mitzvah.” What type of ambiguity isthis? (A)A. Pronoun reference B. No ambiguity2. A _D_ definition is what is usually found in a dictionary. A. precising B. persuasive C. stipulative D. lexical3. In the case, the “defendant” will refer to Professor Plum. What type of definition is this? (C)A. Rhetorical B. Legal C. Stipulative4. What is the purpose of rhetorical definitions? (A)A. Persuade B. Define C. Stipulate 5. A(n) _C_ refers to giving another word or phrase that means the same as the term being defined. A. analytical definition B. lexical definition C. definition by synonym D. definition by example 6. “When I speak of animals, Im referring to non-human animals.” What type of definition is this? (C) A. Lexical B. Analytical C. Precising Part 51. When an author fails to organize thoughts in the essay, what type of problem can arise? (C)A. Burden of proof B. Lengthy preamble C. Stream of consciousness 2. What is not a component of an argumentative essay? (A)A. Emotionally charged claims. B. A rebuttal of counterclaims. C. A statement of the issue. 3. What are possible explanations as to why a passage might be unclear? (D)A. Incorrect word use B. Vague language C. Intentionally abstruse D. All of the above4. True or false: Taking a break from an essay is often a good way to catch proofreading errors. (A)A. True B. False 5. “The parents scolded the children and they screamed a lot.” What type of ambiguity is this? (B)A. Grouping B. Pronoun reference C. Modify ambiguity 6. Which is more general? (A)A. Sue lives in a large blue house B. Sue lives in a threestory blue house.Unit4Part11. Sometimes powerful hopes and desires influence our judgment when we engage in wishful thinking.2. Conditions that may undermine our ability to trust our own observations as a source of truth can be physical or mental. 3. A claim that comes from the most authoritative source may still be wrong.4. Background knowledge is a crucial part of becoming a critical thinker.Part21. A sources expertise should be directly related to the issue.2. A sources accomplishments are relevant to his or her expertiseif they are related to the question at hand. 3. It is too easy to lose objectivity when ones interests and concerns are at stake. 4.Because our hopes and expectations ca