2014考研英语英语语法讲义(共9页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2014考研基础讲义之语法解绝真题 课程目的：词汇+语法=句子+句子=文章，故有了语法，解决根本问题。 引言：语法的意义何在（什么是语法）（1997年翻译）On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. （2006年阅读4）happiness more often than not ends in sadness.（2012年翻译）Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.指导：如何解决考研语法：一个核心：三种残缺：两种顺序：五种从句：五种结构：一.语法核心谓语（一个核心）1.谓语的意义：（2002 年阅读）Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips thenorthern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.提示记录区：动词分类2.谓语判断原则： 1） 2）3）英语时态语态一览表：时间状态备注3.谓语判断举例：（1996年翻译）This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.提示记录区：简单句的成分二. 非谓语动词（三种残缺）1. 非谓语动词来源：非谓语动词谓语类型谓语来源残缺部分谓语含义非谓语翻译可做成分to dodoingdonedonedoing提示记录区：done和doing作定语2. 非谓语动词举例：1） 做主语+宾语（2012年翻译）To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.2） 定语Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.（2012年阅读TEXT1）4）状语Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.（2012年阅读TEXT2）3. to do 的形式用法1） 形式主语（2005年翻译）It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. 2）形式宾语：（2007年新题型）All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.3）that形式主语（2004年阅读TEXT2）It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. 4) 强调结构：（2009Text2）It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that hes the kids dad. 三. 定语与状语（两种顺序）1. 定语成分与顺序1） 定语成分一览表定语成分形容词名词代词分词不定式介词短语定语从句前置定语后置定语2） 定语翻译举例举例一：（2011年text1）The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.举例二：（1997年text5）Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science.提示记录区：定语翻译顺序2. 状语分类与顺序1. 状语分类状语分类时间地点原因目的条件让步结果比较方式代表句前分隔主谓之间句尾部分2. 状语成分状语成分状语举例状语位置3.状语的翻译中文状语语序：英语状语语序：4. 条件状语的真伪（虚拟语气）情况条件结果备注现在真实现在虚拟过去真实过去虚拟将来真实将来虚拟真题举例一：（2003年text1）Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. 41.The emergence of the Net has _.A received support from fans like DonovanB remolded the intelligence servicesC restored many common pastimesD revived spying as a profession提示记录区：状语翻译顺序提示记录区：介词短语的作用四. 五种从句1. 从句概念与分类2. 引导词A. 关系代词B. 关系副词3. 从句特征一览表从句类型特征引导词举例翻译方式主语从句宾（表）语从句定语从句同位语从句状语从句4. 定语从句的特殊性1）限定性定语从句 He likes his father who gives money to him.2） 有介词的定语从句举例一（2003年text3）Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.举例二（2003年翻译)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.3） 使用关系副词的定语从句举例三（2010年text1）It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. 举例四 (2010年翻译) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.五. 五种结构1. 代词指代核心三原则：1. 2. 3.（2012年翻译）Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.2. 平行比较结构1）平行原则：1. 2. （1995年翻译） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 2） 比较原则：1. 2. （1995年翻译）Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.3. 省略（1）重复省略1.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.（2012年TEXT4）2. The teachers unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.（2012年TEXT4）3. Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? （2005年TEXT2）（2） 简洁省略A B C DB. European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.（2010年TEXT4）C.The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.（2012年TEXT2）D.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.（2012年TEXT1）4. 分隔结构（1）Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.（2002 年阅读TEXT1）（2）Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. （2012 年阅读TEXT4）（3）And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.（2012 年阅读TEXT1）5. 倒装结构1） 部分倒装：a b c （1986年text1）Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator.(2009年text3)Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.（1996年text5）And so it does - and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.2）完全倒装:a. b. c.At the core of this debate was chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992.（1997, passage 4）Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. (1998passage 5)专心-专注-专业