高一英语外研社版必修三-语法复习：定语从句和非限制性定语从句(共13页).docx

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上高一英语外研社版必修三 语法复习：定语从句和非限制性定语从句课程目标：一、学习目标1. 定语从句的基本用法以及关系词的用法。2. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。3. 非限制性定语从句及其和限制性定语从句的区别。二、重点、难点重点：定语从句的基本用法。难点：定语从句中个别关系词的使用，及其和某些名词性从句的区别。三、考情分析1）定语从句是每年高考的重点，主要分布在单项选择、完形填空中，书面表达要注意定语从句的使用。定语从句的掌握与否还会影响阅读能力的提高。2）每年的高考题中，单项选择题中定语从句的分值一般为12分。完形填空中也会有一、两个空考查定语从句。知识梳理：一、定语从句【教材原句】Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other. 古代的中国是个国家之间经常发生战争的地方。 But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers. 但也是个产生许多伟大哲学家的时代。 Confucius is the philosopher whose influence has been the greatest. 孔子是影响最大的哲学家。 Mozi was another teacher who was very influential. 墨子是另外一个影响力巨大的学者。 He came from a family which was very poor. 他来自一个贫穷家庭。【用法1】1. 定义：在句中起定语的作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个句子的从句叫做定语从句。2. 基本构成：被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系词引导。3. 关系词分类：关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有where, when, why等。4. 关系词的作用：关系代词或关系副词有双重作用：一方面起连词作用，连接从句使之与主句发生关系，另一方面在从句中起一定的句法作用（关系代词可作主语和宾语，关系副词可作状语）。来源:学.科.网Z.X.X.K5. 从句分类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。6. 引导限制性定语从句的关系代词的基本用法：1）that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。当that 在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略。Can you tell me the name of the boy that helped me the other day?你能告诉我那天帮我的那个男孩的名字吗？2）which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，常可省略。Is that the game which you are fond of?那就是你喜欢的游戏吗？3）who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，也可省略。There is a girl who wants to see you. 那个女孩想见你。4）whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常被who 代替。在非正式文体中，whom/who 通常可以省略不用。I like the girl whom/who I met at the party. 我喜欢我在晚会上遇见的那个女孩。5）whose 一般指人，有时可指物，在从句中起限定作用。They climbed a mountain whose peak was covered with snow. 他们登上了那座山顶覆盖着雪的山。 6）as 通常和such 或 the same 连用，在从句中作主语、宾语和补语。如果先行词前有the same，关系代词也可用that，表示同一件事物。Such English as is spoken here is not British.像在这儿说的英语并不是英式英语。【考题链接】1. They could only read such stories had been rewritten in simple English.A. thatB. which C. as D. what答案：C解题思路：本题考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：他们仅仅能读这种用简单英语改写的故事。suchas是固定结构。2. Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen.A. that B. which C. whose D. what答案：C解题思路：考查引导定语从句的关系词。句意为：那就是那台零部件小得几乎看不见的新机器。空格处引导定语从句并且在从句中作定语，所以使用whose。【用法2】只用that 不用which 引导的定语从句1）当先行词是不定代词时，如anything, everything, nothing something, few, all, none, little, some等，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much, the only, the very, the right, just, last 等修饰时。There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who。Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.王华是我校唯一参加这次会议的人。2）当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。This is the best film that has been shown in the city.这是城市里放映的最好的电影。3）当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时。Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?你能记住我们已经学过的科学家和他的理论吗？4）当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。Who is the man that is standing there?站在那边的那个人是谁？5）在there be 和there live 结构中，用that 引导且多省略。There is a book on the desk （that） Im very interested in. 桌子上有一本我很感兴趣的书。6）当先行词前有such 或 the same 修饰，先行词和关系代词指同一物时。This is the same bike that I lost two weeks ago.这就是我两周前丢失的那辆自行车。【考题链接】1. He talked a lot about things and persons _ they remembered in the school.A. which B. that C. whom D. what答案：B 解题思路：句意：他谈论了许多他们记得的学校里的人和事。先行词是things and persons，里面既有人也有事，故用that。2. Is there anything else you require?A. whichB. that C. whoD. what答案：B 解题思路：句意：你还有别的要求吗？先行词里有不定代词，故用that。3. The last place we visited was the Great WallA. whichB. that C. where D. it 答案：B 解题思路：句意：我们参观的最后的地方是长城。先行词里有last修饰，故用that。【用法3】引导限制性定语从句的关系副词的基本用法1. where 在从句中作地点状语，有时可用in which/at which 代替。其中先行词是地点。2. when 在从句中作时间状语，可用at/on which 代替。其中先行词是时间。3. why 在定语从句中作原因状语，有时可用for which 代替。其中先行词一般是the reason。注意：如果先行词是地点、时间和原因，但不作状语，就不用where, when和why, 一般用that和which.。【例句】Shanghai is the place where my father once lived.（关系副词作地点状语）上海是我父亲曾经住过的地方。Shanghai is the place that/which my father once visited.（关系代词作宾语）上海是我父亲曾经参观过的地方。That happened on the day when I arrived.那件事发生在我到达的那一天。That is the reason why I refused it.那就是我拒绝它的原因。【考题链接】1. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose答案：B解题思路：句意：考查引导定语从句的关系词。句意为：史蒂芬·霍金认为：地球不大可能是有生命进化现象的唯一星球。限定性定语从句中缺少地点状语，where在此处引导定语从句，作地点状语，修饰先行词planet。A、C和D三个选项都不能在从句中作状语。2. Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A. that B. which C. where D. when答案：D 解题思路：句意：她永远不会忘记在那里停留的日子，在这期间，她找到了两年前失踪的儿子。her stay为先行词，可以理解为抽象的一段时间（她待在那里的期间），when指代her stay，在定语从句中作时间状语。3. Do you know the reason he was late?A. that B. which C. for whatD. why答案：D 解题思路：句意：你知道他迟到的原因吗？先行词是the reason,并且该空作原因状语，故用why。即学即练：1. What do you think of teaching, Bob？ I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting. A. where B. which C. when D. that答案：A 解题思路：句意：你认为教学怎样，鲍勃？我发现它有趣并且有挑战性。它是那样一份工作，在这份工作中，你在做一些严肃但有趣的事。考查定语从句。定语从句的主谓宾完整，说明应该填关系副词，先行词为a job，定语从句的意思是“在这个工作中”，所以答案为where。2. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ local 5-star hotels charged 6, 000 yuan for one night. A. if B. when C. which D. since答案：B 解题思路：考查定语从句。句意为：由于金融危机，当地五星级酒店一晚收费6 000元的日子已不复存在。when引导的从句作days的定语。3. This is one of the best films _ this year. A. they have been shown B. that has been shownC. that have been shown D. which have been shown答案：C 解题思路：考查定语从句。句意为：这是今年以来放映的最好的电影之一。先行词为films，故排除B; 又因先行词前有最高级best，排除D; A中they不是定语从句的引导词。4. As a teacher，I never give my students so difficult a problem _ they cant do. A. that B. as C. which D. if答案：B 解题思路：考查定语从句的关系词。句意：作为一个老师，我从来不给学生一个如此难，以至他们不能做的问题。如选A, 则从句中缺宾语it。C和前面的so无关联；D意义不通；so和as可相连，意为“如此以致”。二、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句【用法】1. 介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词根据情况选用which （物），whom （人）或whose （人、物），不能省略。2. 当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，关系代词用that/which （指物），that/whom/who （指人），且常常省略。注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，介词一般不提前。如：look for, look after, take care of, listen to, look at 等。3. 如何选定“介词+关系代词”结构中的介词。1）根据定语从句中动词的固定搭配或动词所需的某种习惯搭配。2）根据先行词的习惯搭配。【例句】I wanted to visit the house （that/which） my grandparents lived in. （指物）我想去参观那所我祖父母曾经住过的房子。This is the man （who/that/whom） you spoke of just now. （指人） 这就是你刚才提到的那个人。He bought some furniture, on which he spent almost all the money he saved. 他买了一些家具，几乎把他所有的积蓄都花光了。【考题链接】1. The newly-built cafe, the walls of _ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work. A. that B. it C. what D. which答案：D解题思路：考查定语从句的关系词。句意：墙壁被粉刷成为淡绿色的那家新建的咖啡馆对我们来说确实是一个宁静的地方，尤其是辛劳工作之后。此处构成the +n+ of + which，引导非限定性定语从句。which指代前面提到的先行词cafe。2. The settlement is home to nearly 1, 000 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. A. whom B. which C. them D. those答案：A 解题思路：考查引导定语从句的关系词。句意：这个定居点是将近1000人的家园，他们中的许多人为了过上更好的生活离开农村老家来到这座城市。逗号暗示其后为非限定性定语从句，先行词为people，故many of后需用关系代词的宾格形式，且指代人，综合题意，只有whom符合条件。which指代物；them与those不能引导定语从句，故排除。3. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which答案：C 解题思路：考查定语从句中固定短语的用法。句意为：很长时间以来，枪支的管控一直是美国人热议的话题。先行词是Gun control，指事情，关系词在从句中作介词的宾语，介词前置，介词与从句中动词构成搭配argue about sth。三、非限制性定语从句【教材原句】The three Gorges Dam, which is the biggest construction project in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Cannel, has been built to control flooding.自长城和京杭大运河以来中国最大的建设工程三峡大坝是为抗洪而修建的。 Sun Yat-sen, who was the leader of the 1911 Revolution, first suggested the idea in 1919. 1911革命（辛亥革命）的领导人孙中山在1919年最先提出这个想法。【定义】与限制性定语从句相比较，非限制性定语从句是指与主句关系不十分密切，只对主句中的先行词起补充说明作用的定语从句。其标志是主句和从句之间用逗号隔开。【用法1】1. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who, whom, whose, 指物时用which。 2. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词有when, where。当先行词指时间时，关系副词用when，指地点时用where。【例句】This is our headmaster, who I think has something important to tell you. 这是我们的校长，我认为他有重要的事情要告诉你。He left his hometown in 1992, when he was only 12 years old. 他于1992年离开家乡，当时他只有12岁。【考题链接】1. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, _ is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. that答案：A 解题思路：考查定语从句的关系词。句意：孩提时代，杰克在一所乡村学校学习，该学校以他祖父的名字命名。非限定性定语从句中缺少主语，用关系代词which来充当，指代a village school。where在定语从句中作地点状语，that不能引导非限定性定语从句，故排除B、D两项；what不能引导定语从句，因此排除C项。2. That evening,I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.A. that B. which C. what D. when答案：B 解题思路：考查定语从句。句意:我工作到很晚的那天晚上,我会告诉你更多关于那天晚上的事。该空引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作about的宾语,所以只能用which; that不能引导非限制性定语从句;what不能引导定语从句;when可以引导非限制性定语从句,但是在从句中只作时间状语。故选B。3. Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature,for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.A. which B. who C. whereD. whom答案：B 解题思路：考查定语从句。句意为:艾伦是一个画鸟和自然的画家,由于某种原因,他从社会退隐了。考查非限制性定语从句,Ellen是先行词,在从句中作主语。解题时,先把插入语for some reason去掉。【用法2】限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1）引导词不同，关系代词that，关系副词why 均不可以引导非限制性定语从句。2）非限制性定语从句与主句关系不密切，中间用逗号隔开，译成汉语时，通常译成两句话；而限制性定语从句常与主句一起译成一句话。3）非限制性定语从句的引导词无论在从句中作什么成分，均不可省略；而在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可省略。 4）在限制性定语从句中，指人时，作宾语的whom 可以用who或that 代替，但在非限制性定语从句中不可以代替。【例句】I have two foreign teachers, both of whom are from America. 我有两个外国老师，他们都来自美国。The foreign teacher who comes from America teaches us literature. 美国来的那位外教教我们文学。This is the man （that/who/whom） we are talking about. 这就是我们正谈论的那个人。This is the man, whom we talked about just now.就是那个人，我们刚才谈过他。【考题链接】1. Yesterday she sold her car, _ she bought a month ago. A. when B. where C. that D. which答案：D 解题思路：考查非限定性定语从句。句意：昨天她卖了她的车，这是她一个月前买的。题中空格前面主句中的先行词是car，空格后面定语从句中的谓语动词bought后面缺一个宾语，只能选用关系代词。A项when和 B项where都是关系副词，可以排除；C项that不能用于非限定性定语从句中。故选D。2. Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which答案：A 解题思路：句意：我已经与去年参加英语演讲比赛认识的我们学校的几个同学成了好朋友。因该空前有名词school，故易误认为该词为先行词。根据语境，本句中先行词应为the students。【用法3】as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句的区别。1）as 在非限制性定语从句中作主语，表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，它既可以放在主句之后，也可以放在主句之前，有“像一样，正如，正像”的意思。2）which 引导的非限制性定语从句既可指代整句话的内容，也可指代某个词或词组，但是不能放于句首。【例句】As we all know, he studies very hard. （as 作宾语）我们都知道他学习用功。As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. （as 作主语） 众所周知，他是我们班上最好的学生。He was late for the meeting, which made the chairman very angry. 他开会迟到了，主席为此非常生气。【考题链接】1. The air quality in the city,is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.A. that B. it C. as D. what答案：C 解题思路：考查定语从句。句意：正如报告所显示的,在过去的两个月里,这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。as“正如,就像”引导定语从句,先行词为air quality。A项that不能引导非限制性定语从句,B项it不能引导定语从句,D项what不能引导定语从句。2. After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling , _ turned out to be a wise decisionA. that B. which C. when D. where答案：B 解题思路：考查定语从句。句意为：大学毕业后，我休假一段时间去旅游，结果证明这是一个明智的决定。此处应为which引导的非限定性定语从句，which代替前边整个句子。即学即练：1. Maria has written two novels, both of have been made into television series.A. them B. that C. which D. what答案：C 解题思路：考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。句意:玛丽亚已经写了两部小说,它们都被拍摄成电视连续剧了。分析句子结构可知novels是定语从句的先行词,指物时引导词要用that或which,又因为介词of后面不能接that引导的定语从句,此处的非限制性定语从句只能用which来引导;them与what都不能作定语从句的引导词,故排除。根据以上分析可知选C。2. A lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.A. asB. it C. which D. this答案：A 解题思路：考查定语从句。句意:正如已经发现的那样,大量的语言学习发生在出生后的第一年,所以在那一时期父母应该多和孩子交谈。根据句子结构可知,本题是考查引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,在句中作主语,指代整个主句的内容。A项可引导非限制性定语从句,意为“正如”;B项不能用于定语从句;C项虽然能用于非限制性定语从句,但常放在整个主句之后;D项也不能用于定语从句。3. It is the third time that she has won the race,has surprised us all.A. that B. where C. which D. what答案：C解题思路：考查定语从句中关系词的选择。句意:这是她第三次赢得比赛了,这让我们大家都很惊讶。分析句子结构可知这是一个非限制性定语从句,排除A项和D项（that不能引导非限制性定语从句;what只能引导名词性从句）;又因为定语从句中缺主语,所以排除B项;C项which可引导非限制性定语从句,代表整个主句的内容,翻译为“这,这一点”。所以C项符合题意。4. We live in an agemore information is available with greater ease than ever before.A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which答案：B 解题思路：考查定语从句。句意:我们生活在一个能比以往更容易获得更多信息的时代。age是先行词,意为“时代”,且在从句中作状语,故用关系副词when。专心-专注-专业