初中英语句子结构和句子成分解析(共18页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语句子成分和句子结构一、英语各种成分的基本含义及用法（一）、主语主语是全句谈论的中心话题。我们在说一句话的时候，首先要明确我们讲的是“哪个人”？或者是一件“什么事”？或者是一件“什么物体”，等。这些代表“哪个人”、“什么事”、“什么物体”等的部分就是句子的主语。 主语是指句子的某个部分，它可能是一个词，也可能是一个词组，还有可能是一个从句，甚至一句话中会有几个并列的主语等等。所以，英语中很多词类(或词组、从句)都可以做主语。另外，英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫“形式主语”，例如：It . that .句式等。 1. Peter is a well-known pianist. （名词作主语） 2. Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school. ( 数词词组作主语) 3. He likes reading storybooks. (代词作主语) 4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. （不定式短语作主语） 5. What we shall do next is not yet decided. （从句作主语） 6. It took us two hours to travel around the city by subway. (It 是形式主语, to travel.部分是真正的主语)请指出下列句中主语的中心词。1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom.2. There is a bird flying in the sky.3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.4. It is very difficult to do today's homework without your help. （二）、谓语   在明确了主语后，我们再来说谓语。谓语是用来回答、说明、解释主语“做什么”、“是什么”、“怎么样”等的部分。英语句子中，除少数情况外，谓语必须是动词。而且，除了倒装等特殊情况外，谓语的位置相对来说是固定的，它总是位于主语的后面。 1. His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） 2. We study hard. （行为动词作谓语） 3. We have finished reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） 4. He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语） 请选出下列句中谓语的中心词。1. I don't like the picture on the wall.2. The days get longer and longer when summer comes.3. Do you usually go to school by bus?4. Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?5. What I want to tell you is this.       （三）、宾语 从语法角度说，及物动词后面要接宾语 (介词后也有宾语) 。从意义上来说，宾语是动作的对象、目标。宾语是对谓语动词的进一步说明和解释。1. We often help him. （代词作宾语） 2. He likes to play basketball. （不定式作宾语） 3. We enjoy listening to the music. （动名词短语作宾语）4. She said  that she felt sick.  （从句做宾语）  The sun gives us light and warmth. （us为间接宾语，light and warmth为直接宾语） 1、间接宾语多指人，直接宾语多指物。可以带两个宾语的动词有：bring, give, show, send, pass, tell 等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。2、如果强调直接宾语，可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加介词 “to”或“for”。接to的动词有：give, bring, pass, lend, sell, send, show, tell, write等。Give your mother the letter. Give the letter to your mother. 直接宾语 间接宾语接for的动词有：buy, find, cook, draw, get, sing等。Can you find me my bag? Can you find my bag for me? 直接宾语 间接宾语这正是：人前物后看清楚，换位要加for或to。请挑出下列句中的宾语。1. My brother hasn't done his homework.2. People all over the world speak English.3. How many new words did you learn last class?4. The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.5. You will find it useful after you leave school.请划出下列句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。1. Please tell us a story.2. My father bought a new computer for me last week.3. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term.4. Could you please pass the pen to Tom?5. Did he leave any message for me? （四）、宾语补足语 现在一般认为，宾语补足语是对宾语进行进一步的补充说明。宾语补足语主要与英语及物动词有关。这个问题我想分两点来说明。1、英语中有些及物动词，不但会涉及到一个对象(宾语)，还会使宾语产生一种结果。动词引发宾语的结果就是宾语补足语。例如： We call him Little Tom. (称呼的对象是him, 称呼的结果是Little Tom. Little Tom 就是宾语补足语。) They made her happy. (make 使 her怎么样了？happy 作进一步的补充说明，那么happy是补语。)  I find smoking bad for health. (find 的对象是smoking,  结论是bad for health.) 这一类带宾语补足语的动词有：(1) (把看成) regard, see；(2) (把当成) treat, take；(3) (把认为是) consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge ；(4) (把描述为) describe, use, show, organize, express 等。2、英语中表示看、听之类的动词，不仅看到一个人(宾语)，还会看到他在做什么事。宾语所做的事也是宾语补足语。例如：I saw a bird in a cage. (看到小鸟在笼子里，“在笼子里”是宾语补足语。)We heard her singing a song. (听到她在唱歌，“在唱歌”是宾语补足语。) 这一类带宾语补足语动词有：see, hear, notice, watch, feel, observe 等。请找出下列句中的宾语补足语。1. He asked her to take the boy to the doctors.2. She found it difficult to finish the work today.3. We call her Lily sometimes.4. I saw Jerry get on the bus.5. Did you hear anyone crying outside the door just now?补充说明：I'm going to paint it pink. 句子中的it显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it，而是paint it pink。pink 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是执行了paint的动作。 句子中的pink是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。 比如： I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补） I saw the kite up and down. （up and down是副词做宾补） Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式） *常跟复合宾语的动词有：call,name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate(任命),choose,elect(选举),define(定义),regard, see, recognize,treat, take,consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge,describe,depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce, employ(雇佣), use, show, organize, express（五）、表语  英语有一类动词叫系动词。系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、性质的动词，它没有明显的外观的动作形式，例如：be (am/is/are)(是), get(变得), sound(听起来), look, seem(看起来), feel(感到)等等。与系动词连用的部分叫“系表结构”，“表”就是“表语”的意思。注意：系表结构合起来共同组成谓语，来说明主语的状态、性质等。例如： I am a teacher. (系动词am + 表语 a teacher)  They are on the playground now. (系动词are + 表语 on the playground.)  It sounds interesting. (sound为系动词，interesting为表语) 请划出下列句中的表语。1. The leaves have turned yellow.2. She was the first to learn about it.3. The old man is feeling better now.4. Why is Mrs. Smith worried about her son?5. The kids are really interested in joining the chess club. （六）、定语   定语是修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的状态、性质、数量等的词。请记住：定语最关键的一点是，定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物(即名词)特点的成分。动词不可能有定语，形容词也没有。一般情况下，定语可以是一个词，也可能是几个词或一个词组，也可能是一个从句(定语从句)。例如： The black bike is mine. (单个的词作定语)The office is ten minutes walk from here. (词组作定语)This is a book which tells about rocket technology.  (从句作定语)  英语中定语的位置可以在名词前面，也可以在名词后面，特别是放在名词后面的定语，与中文习惯不同，同学们要注意分辨清楚。He works in a shoe factory.This is my book, not your book.Is there anything important in todays newspaper? The boy, tired, hungry and thirsty, fell down on the beach. 请划出下列句中的定语。1. What is your family name?2. The boy in blue is Tom.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.5. There are five boys who will play the game.（七）、状语  上面说了，定语是说明名词特点、性质的，而状语则是说明动词如何如何的，例如：动作在什么时间发生，什么地点发生，什么条件下发生，为什么目的发生，等等。状语的核心是：状语是修饰动词的，只有动词才有状语。  一般来说，状语的位置比较灵活，它可以放在句子的任何位置，可以放在句首、句中或者句末，而不一定是紧跟在动词的前后位置。我们在翻译的时候，要视具体情况而定。同样，状语可以是一个单词，也可以是几个单词或词组，也可以是一个状语从句。例如： We often help him. (often 副词，位置在help 前面。)  I really don't like the food. (也可以说：I don't like the food really. ) (注意状语really 的位置。) He did his homework carefully at home. (carefully 副词；at home 是词组，位置都在did 后面。)  When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. (when从句是时间状语，在句首；to be.是目的状语。)请划出下列句中的状语。1. There was a big smile on her face.2. Every night he practices playing the piano.3. We must work hard to pass the exam.4. She loves the library because she loves books.5. He began to learn English when he was eleven.利用口诀综述以上内容：主在前、谓在中，宾语、状语后面冲。短语定语主宾后，形、代定语主宾前。 间宾直宾紧相依，直、间之间to、for连。宾补位于宾语后，地状常在时状前。二、句子成分的划分句子成分构成了英语中各式各样的句子。句子用词准确、合乎语法规范是一篇文章最起码的要求。英语句子虽然千变万化，但就一个简单句来说，其基本结构不外乎以下五种：序号汉语名称英语名称简称1主语谓语Subject + Verb 2主语谓语表语Subject + Verb + Predicative 3主语谓语宾语Subject + Verb + Object 4主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object Oi d5主语谓语宾语宾语补足语Subject + Verb + Object + Complement 6There be 句型Group one1. Mr. Green swims every summer.2. Mr. Green can swim across the river.3. Mr. Green can swim and swims every summer.分析：本组句子都是“主谓”结构( S + vi. )。其中第1句是简单谓语，第2句是复合谓语， 第3句是并列谓语。Group two 1. Mr. Spun is our English teacher.2. He seems to know everything.3. His hair turned gray.分析：本组句子都是“主谓表”结构，也叫做“主系表”结构( S + link v. + P )。英语中常见的系动词有：(1) 表状态的be；(2) 表“看(听/闻/摸)起来”的look, seem, appear, sound, smell, feel等；(3) 表示变化的become, turn, get, fall, go等；(4) 表示保持的keep, stay, remain等。在系动词后作表语的主要是形容词、名词、介词短语、非谓语动词，以及少数副词等也可作表语。Group three1. Ive just got a copy of this book.2. Do you want to read this book?3. Ill finish reading the book overnight.4. We often talk about good books.5. I think this book is well worth reading.分析：本组句子都是“主谓宾”结构( S + vt. + O )。英语中的及物动词（vt.）和介词后通常要接宾语，不及物动词（vi.）不可直接带宾语；充当宾语的常有：名词、代词（宾格）、不定式、动名词和宾语从句。Group four1. We call him Mr. White.2. We would like him to teach us.3. He makes his lessons lively and interesting.4. We think it our duty to serve in the army. 5. The situation makes it necessary that our product should be improved.分析：本组句子都是“主谓+ 复合宾语(宾语+宾补)”结构。宾补用于补充说明宾语干什么、是什么、怎么样，故宾语和宾补有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系；充当宾补的主要是形容词，名词、介词短语、不定式、分词，以及个别副词也可作补语。注意：当不定式或从句作宾语，又需接补语时，要用it放在宾语的位置作形式宾语，将作宾语的不定式或从句移到补语的后面，如本组的第4句和第5句。Group five1. Jennifer teaches us English.2. Today he gave me some good advice on English study and I bought him a gift.分析：本组句子都是“主谓+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)”。表示人的间接宾语通常放在表示物的直接宾语的前面，若要将间接宾语放到直接宾语的后面，需要加介词to 或for，如本组第2句可改写为：Today he gave some good advice on English study to me and I bought a gift for him. 分析下列句子成分。1. The teacher got very angry.2. Last night I wrote a letter.3. The boy told me his story.4. We watched the train leaving the station.5. He often goes somewhere beautiful and quiet on vacation.用括号内所提示的基本句型将下列句子译成英语。 1. 你的故事听起来很有趣。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）2. 我妹妹是在农村长大的。（主语 + 谓语）3. 他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）4. 下学期谁教你们生物？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）5. 他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）三、对各种句子成分提问1、对主语提问：Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening. Who reviews his English lessons in the reading-room every evening?2、对谓语提问： Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening. What does Cindy do in the reading-room every evening?3、对宾语提问： Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening. What does Cindy review in the reading-room every evening?4、对定语提问： Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening. What lessons does Cindy review in the reading-room every evening?5、对状语提问：Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening. When does Cindy review her English lessons in the reading-room? Where does Cindy review her English lessons every evening?6、对表语提问： The teachers office is on the second floor. Which is the teachers office?7、对定语提问： The teachers office is on the second floor. Whose office is on the second floor? 教给大家一个歌谣，帮助你们记住句子的主要成分。句子成分很重要，七大名称莫混淆。主语、谓语是主体，还有宾、定、补、状、表。I. 请指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分。1. The apples tasted sweet.2. Would you please tell me your address?3. He noticed a man enter the room.4. Do you have anything else to say?5. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.6. Traveling all over the world is her dream.II. 单项选择。 1. _ will leave for Beijing in two days. A. Now there the man B. The man here now C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now2. He found the street much _. A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly3. I need a quiet room_.A. to study in B. study C. studying D. to study4. I think _ necessary to learn English well. A. its B. it C. that D. that is5. Although it's raining hard, _ are still working in the fields.A. but they B. and they C. they D. since they 6. _, Tom becomes very interested in business. A. His dream comes true B. To make his dream come true C. Make his dream come true D. He makes his dream come true III. 翻译练习。主谓结构 （主语不及物动词）1. 会议将持续两个小时。 _ 2. 五年前我住在北京。 _ 主谓宾结构 （主语及物动词宾语）3. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 4. 他不知道说什么好。主系表结构 （主语系动词表语）5. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。_ 双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语）6. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 复合宾语结构 （主语动词宾语宾语补足语）7. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。_ 8. 那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了。 _句子种类专项考点知识精讲句子种类陈述句肯定句I like apples.否定句I don't like bananas.疑问句一般疑问句Do you usually go to school by bike？选择疑问句Would you like tea or coffee?反义疑问句He finished his homework, didn't he?特殊疑问句How often do you play basketball?祈使句let引导的祈使句Let me help you.祈使句的否定Don't eat in class.加强语气的祈使句Do be quiet for a moment.感叹句what引导的感叹句What a brave boy he is!how引导的感叹句How beautiful the flowers are!感叹句的省略What a brave boy!陈述句转换为感叹句She is a good student.What a good student she is!what与how引导的感叹句的转换What an interesting book it is! How interesting the book is!按用途分，句子可分为四种：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。考点一 陈述句陈述句用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看法。陈述句分为肯定式和否定式两种，句末用句号，读时用降调，有五种基本句型。1陈述句的肯定式的形式(1)主语系动词表语We are happy. 我们很快乐。注：系动词有三类，具体如下：表状态：be, seem, appear(显得)，go(变成), stand(坐落)，stay(保持), lie(位于), keep(保持)表感官：look(看上去), sound(听起来)，smell(闻起来), feel(感觉), taste(尝起来) 表变化：get(变得)，become(成为), turn(变成)，grow(渐渐变成)，come(成为)(2)主语不及物动词They are reading. 他们在看书。(3)主语及物动词宾语I teach English.我教英语。(4)主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语表物，间接宾语表人。一些间接宾语可改成一个由to引导的短语(强调动作是“向谁”做的)，或由for 引导的短语(强调动作是“为谁”做的)。He gave me a book.He gave a book to me. 他给我一本书。能带双宾语的动词中多数在间接宾语前加to，这样的动词有：give(给)，pass(传、递)，take(拿去)，bring (带来)，show(出示、展现)，lend (借给)，sell(出售)等。带双宾语的动词在间接宾语前加for的动词有：buy(购买), make(制作/造), build(建造), mend (修理)，cook(烹饪)等。My mother bought me a present. My mother bought a present for me.我妈妈给我买了件礼物。(5)主语及物动词宾语宾补You'd better tell the students not to make so much noise.你最好告诉学生们不要这么大声吵闹。带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：tell，ask，order，want等。省略to的不定式作宾补的动词有：feel，hear，see，notice，have/make/let等。2否定句(1)含be动词、助动词、情态动词的否定。如果句子的谓语动词是be, have、助动词或情态动词，在它们之后加not 构成否定句。Tom can't swim.汤姆不会游泳。(2)行为动词的否定。如果句子的动词是行为动词而又没有助动词或情态动词，在谓语前加do的相应形式后再加not。They didn't want to take pictures.他们不想拍照片。(3)还可用nothing等否定代词，no等否定形容词和little, few, hardly等半否定词与肯定形式的谓语动词连用来表示否定。I can hardly understand what you said.我几乎听不明白你说的。(4)在“I think/believethat 从句”的句型中，若想否定从句动词的含义，必须采用否定主句动词think的形式，这叫否定的转移。We/I don't think it's true. 我们/我认为那不是真的。考点二 疑问句疑问句用于提出问题。句末用问号(？)，可分为四种：一般疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和特殊疑问句。1一般疑问句是可用Yes 或No 来回答的问句。它总是以be(is，am，are，was，were)，have(has，had)，情态动词或助动词开头。有时也可用“Not at all”，“Certainly”等回答。Would you like some more? 你想再来一些吗？No，thanks. I'm full. 不，谢谢。我饱了。2选择疑问句的结构有两种：(1)以一般疑问句为基础，用 or 来连接不同的选择对象；(2)以特殊疑问句为基础，在其后用or来连接不同的选择对象。Shall we go to see you or will you come to see us?是我们去看你们，还是你们来看我们？Which would you like better, tea or milk?你喜欢喝哪个，茶还是牛奶？3反意疑问句是提出情况或看法，问对方是否同意的句子。一般由两部分组成：“陈述句简略问句？”这两部分的肯定与否定形式正好相反，即：“肯定的陈述句否定的简略问句？”“否定的陈述句肯定的简略问句？”(1)反意疑问句主语及谓语的确定。反意疑问句主语与谓语的确定应以陈述部分的主语和谓语为依据，尤其是要注意一些特殊的情况，同时，简略问句部分的主语一般应用人称代词，而动词若为否定形式则一般应用缩略形式。陈述部分含有never，few，little，nothing，nobody，no，hardly，none，too.to.等表示否定意义的词时，其附加问句应用肯定形式。但否定意义的词是careless，dislike等含否定词缀的派生词时，仍按肯定句对待，后边的简略问句用否定形式。There are few people in the room, are there?房间里几乎没有人，是吗？陈述句部分是“there be”结构时，疑问部分用“be there”。There is a tree in front of the building, isn't there?楼前面有一棵树，是吗？当陈述部分的主语为指事(物)的