2012年吉林大学考博英语真题.doc

2012年吉林大学考博英语真题Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, butthey are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctly B. separately C. inelevantly D. independently2. The work was done in the of reforms in the economic, social and cultural spheres.A. context B. contest C. pretext D. texture3. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was by the board of trustees.A. approved B. frustrated C. disclosed D. justified4. Some journalists are found of overstating the situation so that their news may create agreat .A. explosion B. sensation C. exaggerating D. stimulation5. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, there was little todisprove it.A. by the same token B. under the same conditionC. at the same stage D. for the same purpose6. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causesenergy to be in some form.A. given off B. put out C. set off D. used up7. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treatyfollowing its declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A. unanimous B. abstract C. autonomous D. almighty8. This growth in the of diabetes is due, in part, to an increase in obesity.A. inference B. incidence C. regulation D. repetition9. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around 110 billion, the 160 billion thePresident is struggling to get through the Congress.A. in proportion to B. in reply to C. in relation to D. in contrast to10. Frances of nuclear testing in the South Pacitic last month triggered pollticaldebates and mass demonstrations.A. assumption B. consumption C. presumption D. resumption11. The of a oultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physicalaspect in the life style of the people.A. implementation B. demonstcation C. manifestation D. expedition12. Reading the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes whatwe read our.A. rectities B. prolongs C. minimizes D. furnishes13. Previous studies provoked because the used patients whose diagnosis wasquestionable.A. contrlbution B. contraction C. controversy D. convergence14. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close .A. temperament B. contamination C. scrutiny D. symmetry15. I never said anything like that at all You are purposely my ideas to prove yourpoints.A. revising B. contradicting C. distorting D. distracting16. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must thequalities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.A. forfeit B. enhance C. guarantee D. gear17.I was unaware of the critical points invoived, so my choice was quite .A. arbitrary B. rational C. mechanical D. unpredictable18. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to further research andfurther thinking about a particular topic.A. stimulate B. renovate C. arouse D. advocate19. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read letters from theirfamilies.A. affectionate B. sentimental C. intimate D. sensitive20. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just and needs proving.A. spontaneous B. hypothetical C. intuitive D. empirical21.The ceremony will as soon as the president arrives.A. commend B. comply C. confront D. commence22. The barbarous aggressors grew more and more in slaughtering people and burningdown their houses.A. amorphous B. ferocious C. audacious D. egregious23. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become and are nolonger used in the present days.A. obsolete B. obscene C. obvious D. oblique24. Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to revenueby limiting commerce.A. disregard B. challenge C. diminish D. reject25. The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons slowly into the sky.A. descending B. ascending C. escalating D. elevating26. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedical , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.A. interference B. interruption C. intervention D. interaction27. Several intemational events in the early 1990s seem likely to , or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A. revolt B. revolve C. reverse D. revive28. Foreign disinvestments and the of South Africa from world capital markets after1985 further weakened its economy.A. displacement B. elimination C. exclusion D. exception29. We are moving towards a more and cooperative society ,which is getting better and better.A fraternal B emotional C exclusion D illegal30. The student were about who their new teacher would be when thebell rang for their first class in the new semester.A. foreseeing B. speculating C. fabricating D. ponderingPart III Reading Comprehension (60%)Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patients body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the diseases defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.51. How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph two?A. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the disease.B. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system.C. By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it.D. Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it.52. What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?A. The way that vaccines protect people from diseases.B. The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases.C. The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.D. The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.53. The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because .A. saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the few.B. some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effects.C. they dont always work.D. while many lives are saved, SOME ARE ACTUALLY KILLED BY THE VACCINT.54. The best title for the passage would be .A. “The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis”.B. “How Vaccines Work”.C. “Vaccines: Methods and Implications”.D. “A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines”.55. The main purpose of the passage is to .A. convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many think.B. educate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers.C. educate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinations.D. present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine.Passage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history, Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains.Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists and learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snows surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when the traverse the slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill. Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skiers track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Slab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called “soft slab” avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasnt yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with theexisting snow.56. What would be the best title for this passage?A. AvalanchesB. The History of AvalanchesC. Skiers BewareD. Avalanches Can Kill57. According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?A. They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attack.B. They killed the armies approaching the city.C. They blocked paths into the city.D. They snowblinded the approaching armies.58. According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?A. They only have to worry after a heavy snowfall.B. Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French Alps.C. They should always expect that an avalanche will occur.D. When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche.59. According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?A. When the temperature is below 20 degrees F.B. Right before a snowstorm.C. During a snowstorm.D. In the winter.60. According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?A. The slope of the mountain.B. The size of the snowfall.C. The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfall.D. The weight of the snow.Passage ThreeQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem. Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching. A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outst