2022年学术英语8单元A翻译学习资料.pdf

学 术 英 语 ( 社 科 ) 8 单元 A 翻 译精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power 硬实力，软实力，巧实力People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these something more to the concept of power? The answer is in the affirmative, at least to some who study political science. This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations. 人们常把权力一个国家军事实力和经济实力。这些东西更是对权力的概念吗？答案是肯定的，至少对一些学习政治科学的人来说是肯定的。本单位探讨了权力的复杂性及其对国际关系的影响。The complex nature of power 权力的复杂性1.“Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart of international relations, ” according to a top U.S. official. Not everyone will agree with such a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role that power plays in diplomacy. When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most power. 一位美国高级官员表示：“直到人类的本质变化，力量和力量将留在国际关系的核心。不是每个人都会同意这样一个令人沮丧的现实的评估，但它强调，在外交上起着关键作用的力量。当国家的目标和利益发生冲突的时候，哪一方会获胜，往往取决于谁拥有最多的权力。2.Power is the term we will use here to represent the sum of a countrys capabilities. Because power in common usage carries the connotation of “hit-over-the-head” or “make you ” capabilities, it is very important to stress that power as used here is more than that. As we will explore in the following pages, power can be based on positive persuasion as well as negative coercion. Indeed, power has many forms. Military muscle, wealth, and some others are fairly obvious and tangible. Others such as national willpower and diplomatic skills are much less obvious and intangible. 我们将用这一术语来表示一个国家能力的总和。因为普通的力量有“击中头部”或“使你的能力”的内涵，所以强调使用这里的力量是非常重要的。正如我们将探讨在以下页面中，权力可以基于积极的说服和消极的强制。事实上，权力有很多形式。军事力量，财富，和其他一些是相当明显的和有形的。其他如国家意志和外交技巧是不太明显的和无形的。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料Power as an asset and a goal 作为资产和目标的力量3.One source of confusion in discussion about power is that it is both an asset and a goal. Our discussion of power so far has generally treated it as an asset that can be applied to help countries achieve goals. In this sense, power is akin to money as a sort of political currency that can be used to acquire things. Money buys things; power causes things to happen. There are, of course, differences between money and power. One is that political power is less liquid than money; it is harder to convert into things that you want. Another difference is that power, unlike money, has no standard measurement. Therefore it is much harder to be precise about how much power any country has. 关于权力的讨论是一个混乱的问题，它既是一种资产，也是一个目标。我们对权力的讨论一般都把它当作一种可以用来帮助国家实现目标的资产。从这个意义上说，权力与金钱是一种政治货币，可以用来获取事物。钱买东西，权力导致事情发生。当然，金钱与权力之间的差异。一种是政治权力比金钱的流动性要小，它更难把你想要的东西转换成你想要的东西。另一个区别是，不同于金钱的权力，没有标准的测量。因此，更难以精确地了解到国家的权力有多大。4.Power is also a goal because in a world of often conflicting goals among countries it is only prudent toseek, acquire, or preserve sufficient power to pursue your national goals. Here again, the analogy between power and money has merit. We all expend money as an asset, yet we also seek to acquire money and to build up a reserve against both anticipated needs and contingencies. 权力也是一个目标，因为在一个世界上经常相互冲突的国家，它只是谨慎地寻求，获得或保持足够的权力来追求你的国家目标。再次，权力和金钱之间的类比是值得的。我们都把钱作为一种资产，但我们也寻求获得资金，并建立一个储备，针对预期的需求和突发事件。5.The duality of power as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is always better. Some people believe that countries can become fixated on acquiring power, especially military power, beyond what is prudently needed to meet possible exigencies. This, critics say, is unwise because power is expensive, it creates a temptation to use it, and it spawns insecurity in others. Critics of recent U.S. foreign policy see its massive arms spending and its misadventure in Iraq as a case in point. 作为一种资产和的权力的双重性产生了一场辩论，权力是否越是越好。有些人认为，国家可以成为专注于获得权力，特别是军事力量，要超出谨慎的需要，满足可能发生的紧急情况。批评者说，这是不明智的，因为权力是昂贵的，它产生了一种去使用它的诱惑，并且它对其他人产生了不安全感。最近的美国外交政策的批评者认为其庞大的军费开支和在伊拉克不幸就是一个例子。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料6.To such charges, realists warn that not being willing to pay the price today to guard against future and unknown dangers leaves states vulnerable. Realists also dismiss the concern about having too much power and say that the real danger is unwise use of the power you have by wasting it on marginal goals. And realists caution against a country being too reluctant to expend its power to advance its national interests. Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, for one ,portrays Americans as sometimes too- reluctant warriors and believes that “American leadership needs to articulate for their public a concept of the national interest and explain how that interest is served by the maintenance of the balance of power” through a forceful U.S. presence on the world stage. 这样的收费，现实主义者警告说，今天我们不愿意付出代价去防范未来和来自脆弱的国家的未知的危险。现实主义者也同样不考虑有太多的权力，并且认为浪费在边际的目标的权力不能够明智的使用在真正的危险上。现实主义者告诫一个国家太不愿意花费的力量来推进其国家利益。一个国家的国务卿基辛格，前国务卿，描绘了美国人作为太不情愿的战士认为“美国的领导能力需要来表达他们国家利益和表达利益服务的的权力的“平衡的维持，世界舞台上一个强有力的美国的存在。Hard and soft power 软硬实力7.As noted earlier, the most common image of power involves the ability to make someone else do something or suffer the consequences. Often called hard power, this type of power rests on negative incentives (threats, “sticks”) and on positive incentives (inducements, “carrots”). There is also soft power, the ability to persuade others to follow your lead by being an attractive example. As one scholar puts it, “A country may obtain the outcome it wants in world politics because other countries-admiring its values, emulating its example, aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness- want to follow it.”如前所述，最常见的权力形象包括使别人做某事或让他遭受的后果的能力。通常被称为硬权力，这种权力取决于负激励（威胁，“棍棒”）和正激励（奖励，“胡萝卜”）。也有软实力，有能力说服别人跟随你的领导是一个有吸引力的例子。正如一位学者所说，“一个国家可以世界政治舞台上得到它想要的是因为其他国家欣赏它的价值的，仿效它的实例，渴求于它的繁荣和开放水平从而要遵循它。”8.The value of these two forms of power is the source of much debate. Hard power is easier to appreciate because it is easier to see that certain coercive measures or positive incentives have been used and to observe the result. Realists also are apt to dismiss the concept of soft power, arguing that countries follow other countries lead because they share the same interests, not because of altruistic sentiments such as admiration. 这 2 种权力的价值是许多争论的根源。硬权力是更容易理解，因为它更容易看到某些强制性措施或积极的激励措施已被使用，并观察其结果。现实主义者也倾向于解除软精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料实力的概念，认为一些国家跟随其他国家的领导是因为他们有相同的利益，而不是因为利他情感比如说钦佩。9. Rebutting this, those who believe that soft power can be potent point, as an example, to the negative impact they say the Iraq War has had on U.S. soft power by greatly diminishing the U.S. image abroad. Citing poll results showing that favorable opinion about the United States has plummeted almost everywhere in the past several years, one analyst worries that “the United States” soft power- its ability to attract others by the legitimacy of U.S. policies and the values that underlie them- is in decline as a result”.那些相信软实力可以有效的人反驳这一点的例子是伊拉克战争对美国软实力的负面影响。伊拉克战争已经大大削弱了美国的海外形象。引用民意调查结果显示，美国在过去几年中几乎无处不在，一位分析师担心“美国的软实力”正在下降。在美国政策的合法性以及其背后的价值观的基础上吸引其他人的能力。 One reason this is a concern, according to this view, is because the United States needs the cooperation of other countries to combat terrorism and many other problems, but “When the United States becomes so unpopular that being pro-American is a kiss of death in other countries domestic politics, foreign political leaders are unlikely to make helpful concessions, reducing U.S. leverage in international affairs”. 根据这一观点，这是一个值得关注的问题，是因为美国需要其他国家的合作来打击恐怖主义以及解决许多其他问题，但“当美国变得如此不受欢迎的，在其他国家的政策上存在亲美者是一个死亡之吻（表面看上去有益但实际上具有毁灭性的行为或事务），外国政治领导人不可能做出有益的让步，这减少美国在国际事务中的影响力”。To such commentary, those who are skeptical of the importance of soft power might echo the words of President Bush, who in 2002 professed his “respect for the values, judgment, and interests of our friends and partners”, but who also asserted, “We will be prepared to act apart ” if necessary and “will not allow disagreements with allies to obscure our determination to secure our fundamental interests and values.”对于这样的评论，那些怀疑软实力的重要性的人可能会回应布什总统的话，他在2002自称“尊重价值，判断和利益是我们的朋友和伙伴”，但他也说，如果有必要的话“我们将准备采取行动，不允许分歧者盟友去模糊保护我们的根本利益和价值观的决心。”精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - -