初三英语知识点总结.pdf

1初初三三英语知识点总结英语知识点总结初三年级（上）初三年级（上）【名师讲解】【名师讲解】1. Maybe/ may be(1) maybe 是副词，意思是“大概，也许”，常用作状语。Maybe you put it in your bag.也许你把它放在包里了。“Will he come tomorrow?”“Maybe not.”“他明天来吗？”“也许不”。(2) may be 相当于是情态动词 may 与 be 动词搭配一起作谓语，意思是“也许是，可能是”。It may be 9:00 when they arrive.他们可能于九点到达。The man may be a lawyer. 那人也许是律师。2. borrow/ lend/ keep/ use(1) borrow 表示的是从别人那里借来东西，即我们通常所说的“借进来”。We often borrow books from our school library.我们经常从学校图书馆借书。I borrowed this dictionary from my teacher. 我从老师那儿借来了这本字典。borrow 是一个瞬间完成的动作，因此不能与时间段连用。You can borrow my recorder for three days. ( 错误 )I have borrowed this book for only one week. ( 错误 )(2) lend 表示的是把自己的东西借给别人，即我们通常所说的“借出去”。Thank you for lending me your bike.谢谢你把自行车借给我。He often lends money to his brother.他经常借钱给他弟弟。lend 与 borrow 一样，也是一个瞬间完成的 动作，不能与一段时间连用。(3) keep 的意思也是“借”，但一般是指借来后的保存或使用阶段，是一段持续的时间，因此可以与时间段连用。You can keep my recorder for three days.我的录音机你可以借用三天。I have kept this book for only one week.这本书我才刚借了一星期。(4) use 也可以当“借用”讲，但它的本意是“用，使用”。May I use your ruler? 我能借你的尺子用一下吗？He had to use this public telephone.他不得不使用这部公用电话。3. leave/ leave for(1) leave 意思是“离开，留下”。We left Shanghai two years ago.我们两年前离开了上海。He left his cell phone in the taxi last week.他上周把手机落在出租车里了。(2) leave for 意思是“前往”，表示要去的目的地。We will leave for Tibet next month.我们将于下月去西藏。The train is leaving for Moscow.这趟火车即将开往莫斯科。4. since/ for(1) since 用于完成时态，既能用作介词，也能用作连词，后常接时间点，意思是“自从”。He has been a worker since he came into this city.2自从他来到这个城市，他就是工人了。I have never seen him since we last met in Shanghai .自从我们上次在上海见过之后，我再也没见过他。since 作连词，还有“既然”的意思。Since you are interested in it, just do it.既然你对它感兴趣，那就做吧。You can have fun now since youve finished your work.既然你已经做完了功课，就开心玩会儿吧。(2) for 用于完成时，用作介词，后常接一段时间，意思是“经过”。I have learned English for five years.我已经学了五年英语了。They have waited for you for 30 minutes.他们已经等了你三十分钟了。for 也可以用作连词，但意思是“因为”。They missed the flight for they were late.他们由于完到了而误了航班。He fell ill for many reasons.他由于多种原因病倒了。5. neither/ either/ both(1) neither 作代词是对两者都进行否定，意思为“两者都不”，作主语时谓语动词用单数.Neither of the boys is from England.这两个男孩都不是来自英国。I know neither of them. 他们两个我都不认识。neither 用作形容词， 也修饰单数名词， 意思与作代词时相同； 用作连词时， 一般与 nor 搭配， 表示 “既不也不”。作主语时，谓语动词也遵循就近原则。She neither ate nor drank yesterday. 她昨天既不吃也不喝。Neither he nor we play football on Sundays.他和我们星期天都不踢球。(2) either 作代词时，是指两者中的任意一方,(两者之)每一个，故作主语时谓语动词用单数.Either of the books is new.这两本书任何一本都是新的.She doesnt like either of the films.这两部电影她都不喜欢.either 作形容词, 用来修饰单数名词,意思与作介词时相同.Either school is near my home.(这两所学校中的)任何一所学校都离我家很近.Either question is difficult.两个问题(中的任何一个)都难.either 作连词时,一般与 or 搭配,表示两者选其一，意思是“不是就是”。作主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。Either he or I am right.不是他就是我是对的。Either my sister or my parents are coming to see me.不是我姐姐就是我父母要来看我。(3) both 作代词时，指的是所涉及到的“两者都”, 故作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。I like both of the stories.这两个故事我都喜欢。Both of my parents are teachers.我父母两人都是老师。both 作形容词时，用来修饰两者,意思与作代词时相同.Both his arms are hurt.他的两只胳膊都受伤了。Both these students are good at English. 这两个学生都擅长英语。3both 用作连词时，多与 and 搭配，表示“既又, 不仅而且”, 作主语时,谓语动词仍用复数形式。Both piano and violin are my bobbies.钢琴和小提琴都是我的爱好。They study both history and physics. 他们既学历史，又学物理。6. find/look for/ find out(1) find 强调找的结果，意思是“找到”。此外还有“发现，发觉”的意思，后可接宾语从句。Jim couldnt find his hat.吉姆找不着帽子了。Have you found your lost keys? 你找到丢失的钥匙了吗？He found the lights were on along the street.他发现沿街的灯都亮了(2) look for 的意思为“寻找”，指的是找的动作而非结果。另外，还有“盼望，期待”的意思。She is looking for her son.她正在找她的儿子。Weve been looking for the car since early this morning.我们从今天一大早就开始找这辆车了。I look for the coming holiday.我期待着即将来临的假期。(3) find out 含有经过观察、研究或探索而得知的意思，后常接较抽象的事物，意思是“找出，发现，查明（真相）”等。I can find out who took my money away.我能查出谁拿了我的钱。Could you find out when the plane arrives? 你能设法知道飞机何时到吗？7. forget to do/ forget doing(1) forget to do 是指忘记去做某件事了，即该事还没有做。Please dont forget to call this afternoon.今天下午不要忘了给我打电话。I forgot to take some small change with me.我身上忘了带零钱了。(2) forget doing 是指忘记某件已经做过的事情，即该事已经做了，但被忘记了。He forgot telling me his address.他忘了告诉过我地址了。They forgot having been here before.他们忘了以前曾来过这儿。8. stop doing/ stop to do(1) stop doing 是指停止做某事，即 doing 这个动作不再继续。They stopped debating.他们停止了辩论。（不辩论了）He had to stop driving as the traffic lights changed in to red. 由于交通灯变成了红色，他不得不停车。(2) stop to do 是指停下来开始做另一件事，即停止原先的事，开始做 do 这个动作。She stopped to have a rest.她停下来休息会儿。（开始休息）They stopped to talk.他们停下来开始交谈。9. except/ besides(1) except 是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”，可以理解为“撇开不谈”,表示两部分的不同。Everyone is excited except me.除我以外的每个人都很激动。（他们激动，而我却不激动）All the visitors are Japanese except him.除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。（其他人是日本人，可他不是）(2)besides 是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”，可以理解为“除之外还、除之外又”，表示两部分4的相似性。Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.除他以外，还有 25 个学生去看了电影。(他和另外 25 人都去了)We like biology besides English.除了英语外，我们还喜欢生物。（生物和英语都喜欢）besides 还可用作副词，意思是“此外；而且”，常用于句首或句尾。He is a great thinker, and besides, he is a politician.他是一名伟大的思想家，除此以外，他还是一位政治家。They encouraged me, and they supported me with money, besides.他们不仅鼓励我，而且与我以金钱上的支持。10. keep doing/ keep on doing(1) keep doing 指的是连续地、坚持不断地做某事，中间不间断。It kept blowing for a whole day.刮了一整天风了。The temperature keeps dropping.温度持续下降。(2) keep on doing 是指反复坚持做某事，但动作之间略有间隔。They have kept on writing to each other for many years.他们已经互相通信多年了。After drinking some water, he kept on talking.喝了一些水后，他坚持讲话。11. seem/ look(1) seem 一般着重于以客观迹象为依据，意思是“似乎、好象、看起来”。The baby seems to be happy.婴儿看上去似乎很高兴。He seemed to be sorry for that.他似乎为那件事感到抱歉。seem 能与 to do 结构连用，而 look 不能。It seems to rain. 似乎要下雨了。They seemed to have finished their work.他们似乎已经完成了工作。在 it 作形式主语的句型中只能用 seem。It seems that he is quite busy now.他现在看起来很忙。It seems to us that there is nothing serious.在我看来没什么大不了的。(2) look 用作“看起来；好像”时，常从物体的外观或样貌上来判断，是以视觉所接受的印象为依据的。The room looks clean.这间房看起来很干净。The girl looks like her mother.那女孩看起来向她的妈妈。12. such/ so(1)such 常用作形容词，用来修饰名词。Dont be such a fool.别这么傻。He is such a clever boy.他是如此聪明的一个男孩。(2) so 是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。He is so kind! 他真好心！Why did you come so late? 你为何回来得如此晚？5当名词前有 many, much, few, little 等表示多、少时，应该用 so。He has so many friends.他有如此多的朋友。Only so little time is left! 才剩这么一点儿时间！13. either/ too/ also(1)either 用作“也”时是副词，常用于否定句句尾。She is not a Japanese, Im not, either.她不是日本人，我也不是。My sister doesnt like this song, either.我妹妹也不喜欢这首歌。(2)too 常用于肯定句或疑问句尾，表示“也”。He likes China, too.他也喜欢中国。Are you in Grade 3, too? 你也在三年级吗？(3)also 也常用于肯定句或疑问句，但一般位于句中。We are also students.我们也是学生。He also went there on foot.他也是走着去的。Did you also want to have a look? 你也想看看吗？14. if/ whether在下列情况下只能用 whether 而非 if：(1)与 or not 连用时，只能用 whether.We want to know whether you are ill or not. 我们想知道你是否生病了。Please tell me whether or not you have finished your work.请告诉我们你是否完成了工作。(2)后接动词不定式时，只能用 whether.Adam didnt know whether to go or stay.亚当不知道是走还是留。He hasnt decided whether to have dinner with me.他还没决定是否和我共进晚餐。(3)所引导的宾语从句放在主句之前时，只能用 whether.Whether it will rain or snow, we dont mind. 我们不在乎将要刮风还是下雨。Whether I won or lost, she didnt want to know.我是赢是输她不想知道。(4)引导主语从句或表语从句时，一般用 whether.The most important was whether they had gone.最重要的是他们是不是已经走了。Whether he will go with me is a secret.他是否会和我一起去还是个秘密。if 能引导条件状语从句，表示“如果，假如”，而 whether 没有此用法。Well have a football match if it doesnt rain tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我们要进行足球赛。Ill tell him if I sees him.我看见他就告诉他。If youre in danger, please call 110.如果你遇到危险，请拨打 110。15. cost/ spend/ pay/ take(1) cost 一般用某物来做主语，表示“（某物）值、花费”，既能指花费时6间也能指金钱。The new bike costs me 300 yuan.这辆新自行车花了我三百元。It will cost you a whole to read through this book.通读这本书将会花费你整整一周时间。cost 还可以用作名词，表示“成本、费用、价格、代价”等。Whats the cost of this TV set? 这台电视机的成本是多少钱？They succeeded at the cost of hard work.他们辛苦地工作换来的成功。(2) spend 一般用某人来作主语，表示“（某人）花费，付出”，也能指时间或金钱，指时间时常与in搭配，指金钱时常与 on 或 for 搭配。We spent two days in repairing this machine.我们花了两天时间修理这台机器。Mr. Lee spends $20 on books every month.李先生每月花二十美元在书上。(3) pay 用作动词时，一般也以某人作主语，但一般指花钱、付款等，很少用来指花费时间。常与 for 搭配使用。They paid 70 yuan for the tickets.他们花了七十元买票。He was too poor to pay for his schooling.他穷得交不起学费。pay 还可以用作名词，意思为“薪水、工资”等。Its hard for me to live with such low pay.我很难靠这么低的薪水生活下去。(4)take 也指“花费(时间、金钱)”，但通常用某事、某物做主语，或用形式主语 it.How long will the meeting take? 会议要开多久？It took me several hours to get there. 我花了几个小时才到那儿。16. bad/ badly这两个词的意思含有“坏、糟、严重”等意思，且它们有共同的比较级 worse 和最高级 worst 。(1) bad 是一个形容词，意思是“坏的，糟糕的，差的，严重的”。I dont think he is a bad person.我并不认为他是一个坏人。I had a bad headache.我的头疼得很厉害。(2)badly 是一个副词，意思是“不好地，差”，也可以表示程度，意为“严重地，非常，极度”。We need help badly.我们急需帮助。His arm was badly hurt.他的胳膊严重受伤了。17. interested/ interesting(1) interested 是指“对产生兴趣的，对感兴趣的”，一般用人做主语，后常用介词 in.He was interested in biology before.他以前对生物感兴趣。Im not interested in art.我对艺术不感兴趣。(2)interesting 的意思是“有趣的”，指能够给人带来兴趣的某人或某事物。He is an interesting old man.他是个有趣的老头。The interesting story attracted me.这个有趣的故事吸引了我。18. dead/ die/ death/ dying7(1) dead 是形容词，意思为“死了的、无生命的”，表示状态，可以与一段时间连用。The tree has been dead for ten years.这棵树死了有十年了。The rabbits are all dead. 这些兔子都是死的。(2) die 是动词，意思为“死、死亡”，是一个瞬间动词，不能与一段时间连用。My grandpa died two years ago.我爷爷两年前去世了。The old man died of cancer.老人死于癌症。(3) death 是名词，意思为“死亡、去世”等。The memorial hall was built one year after his death.他死后一年，纪念馆建成了。His death is a great loss to us.他的死是我们的巨大损失。(4) dying 是 die 的现在分词，用作形容词，意思是“垂死的、即将死去的”。The doctors have saved the dying man.医生们救活了那个垂死的人。The poor dog had no food, it was dying.可怜的狗没有食物,快要饿死了。初三年级（中）初三年级（中）1. be able to/ can(1) 都能表示“能够，具备干某件事的能力”这个含义，此时可以互换。Mr. Green is able to finish the work on time.= Mr. Green can finish the work on time.格林先生能够按时完成这项工作。(2) be able to 可以用于各种时态，而 can 为情态动词，多用于现在时，其过去式为 could。We are sure he will be able to be an artist when he grows up.我们相信他长大后能够成为一名画家。Miss Lin has been able to pay the car by herself.林小姐已经能够自己负担那辆车了。(4) Can 除了表示“能够，有能力做某事”以外，还有如下用法，而 be able to 则没有。表示请求，但语气没有 could 委婉Can I have a look at this picture? 我能看看这张图片吗？Can we leave school after 6:00 p.m. ?我们可以在下午 6 点之后再离开学校吗？表示可能性。That man cant be our new teacher. 那人不可能是我们的新老师。The exam cant be too difficult.考试不会太难。2. bring/ take/carry/fetch(1) bring 一般是指拿来，即从别处往说话人这里拿，翻译成“带来”。He brought us some good news.他给我们带来了一些好消息。Please dont forget to bring your homework tomorrow.明天请别忘了把家庭作业带来。(2) take 一般是指从说话人这里往别处拿，翻译成“带走”。Please take the umbrella with you. Its going to rain.要下雨了，请把伞带上。She took the dictionary away.她把字典拿走了。8(3) carry 不强调方向，表示“携带、背着、运送、搬扛”等意思。They carried the boxes into the factory. 他们把箱子搬进了工厂。A taxi carried them to the station. 出租车送他们到了车站(4) fetch 表示的是“去取来、去拿来、去叫来”等意思，包含去和来两趟。The waiter fetched them some apples.侍者为他们取来了一些苹果。Mother fetched the doctor for her ill son.妈妈为生病的儿子请来了医生。3. whole/ all(1) whole 强调一个完整如一，互不分割的整体。The whole country is suffering the war. 整个国家正遭遇战争。I just want to know the whole story.我仅仅只想知道完整的故事。whole 在句中的位置是放在所有格，冠词和指示代词的之后。They will spend their whole holiday in Canada.他们将到加拿大渡过整个假期。（所有格后）She has finished writing the whole book.她已经写完了整本书。（冠词后whole 用来修饰可数名词（名词用单数）。He ate the whole cake. 他把整个蛋糕都吃了。（强调整整一个蛋糕）(2) all 强调由一个个部分组成的“全部”。Miss Green knew all the students in the class.格林小姐认识这个班上的所有人。（一个一个全认识）all 在句中的位置是放在所有格，定冠词和指示代词的之前。Jim finished all his homework in twenty minutes.吉姆在 20 分钟之内完成了所有的作业。（所有格前）Of all the boys here, he sings best.在这里所有的男孩之中，他唱的最好。（定冠词前）The boy can answer all these questions.那个男孩能够回答所有的这些问题。（指示代词前）all 既能修饰可数名词（名词须用复数），又能修饰不可数名词。All these five books are mine.这五本书都是我的。（修饰可数名词）She was worried about her son all the time.她总在为她的儿子担心。（修饰不可数名词）4. fill/ full(1) fill 常作动词，与 with 连用，意思是“注满、装满”，也能表示“填空；补缺”的意思。He filled the box with chalk.他把粉笔装满了盒子。The bucket is filled with water.水桶里装满了水。(2) full 是形容词，翻译成“满的，装满的”，常与 of 连用。此外还能表示“完全的”和“吃饱的，过饱的”。All the rooms are full of people.所有的房间都满人了。The bus was full. He had to wait for the next one.这辆车人满了，他只有等下一辆。5. be made of/ be made from/ be made in/ be made into(1) be made of 表示由制成, 一般指能够看出原材料，或发生的是物理变化。This table cloth is made of paper.这张桌布是由纸做的。This salad is made of apples and strawberries.这种沙拉是由苹果和草莓做的。9(2) be made from 也表示由制成，但一般指看不出原材料，或发生的是化学变化。Bread is made from corn.面包是小麦做的。The lifeboat is made from some special material.这个救生艇是由某种特殊材料制成的。(3) be made in 指的是产地，意思为于制造。The caps are made in Russia.这些帽子产于俄罗斯。My mother likes to buy things which are made in China.我妈妈喜欢买中国产的东西。(4) be made into 的意思为被制成为。This piece of wood will be made into a small bench. 这块木头将要被制成一个小凳。The paper has been made into clothes for the doll. 纸被做成了洋娃娃的衣服。6. none/ no one/ neither(1) none 既能指人，又能指物，意思是没有一个，无一，常用作代词，与 of 连用。None of us has heard of him before.我们没有一个人以前听说过他。I like none of the coats. 那些外套我一件都不喜欢。none 用作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。None of the answers is true.没有一个答案是正确的。None of the rooms are mine.没有一间房子是我的。(2) no one 只能用来指人，且不能与 of 连用。No one is absent.没有人缺席。I knew no one there.那里我一个人也不认识。no one 用作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数。No one agrees with you. 没有人同意你的说法。(3) neither 作代词是对两者都进行否定，意思为两者都不，作主语时谓语动词用单数。Neither of the boys is from England. 这两个男孩都不是来自英国。I know neither of them.他们两个我都不认识。7. found/ find(1) find 的意思是找到、发现，其过去式和过去分词都是 found.I cant find my glasses.我找不着我的眼镜了。He found it boring to sit here alone.他发现独自坐在这里很没劲。(2) found 是另外一个词，与 find 并没有关系，意思是成立、建设，常用作及物动词。The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国成立于 1949 年。The school was founded by the local residents.这所学校是由当地居民修建的。8. hear / hear of/ hear from(1)hear 的意思是听见；听说，得知，后面能接名词、代词或宾语从句。We heard the news just a moment ago.我刚听说这个消息。Can you hear me? 能听见我说话吗？(2) hear of 的意思是听说，一般指非直接的听见，而是听别人说的。后不能接宾语从句。10I have never heard of her.我从未听说过她。They heard of the film long time ago.他们很久以前就听说过这部电影。(3) hear from 的意思是收到来信，与听无关。I often hear from him. 我经常收到他的来信。He hasnt heard from his mother for a long time.他很久没有收到妈妈的信了9. send/ send for(1) send 意思是送往，派遣，还有发信，寄信的意思。The company sent him to study abroad.公司派他到国外学习去了。Mr. Brown sent her children away.布郎夫人送走了孩子们。(2) send for 意思是召唤；派人去取；派人去拿，而非本人亲自去。They have sent for a repairman.他们已经派人去请了一名修理工。She sent for some flowers.她派了人去买花。10. get to/ arrive/ reach(1) arrive 后不能直接接地点，是一个不及物动词。若表示到达一个相对大的地点，用 arrive in ; 若表示相对小的地点，用 arrive at .The delegation will arrive in China at 5:00 p.m.代表团将于下午 5:00 到达北京。It was dark when they arrived at the railway station.当他们到达火车站的时候，天已经黑了。When did she arrive here last time? 她上次是什么时候到这儿的？（副词前省略介词）(2) reach 能直接接所到达的地点，是一个及物动词。They reached London on Friday.他们星期五到达了伦敦。The news only reached me yesterday.我于昨天才接到这个消息。reach 还有伸手去取，伸手触及，联络等意思。Can you reach that apple on the tree? 你能够到树上的哪个苹果吗？He can always be reached on the phone.可随时打电话跟他联系。(3) get 在表示到达时是不及物动词，应与 to 搭配使用。We often get to school on foot.我们经常步行到学校。They got to the top of the hill at noon.他们于中午到达了山顶。初三年级（下）初三年级（下）1. think/ think/about/ think of(1) think 单独使用时表示思考， 接 that 宾语从句时意为认为，觉得。I am thinking how to work out the problem.I think she is a good student.当宾语从句含有否定概念时，通常形式上否定 think ，但意义上却是否定宾语从句。I dont think he can come.I dont think it will be windy.(2)think about 可接一个名词，动词-ing 形式或由疑问词引导的不定式或宾语从句，意思是考虑。11I have thought about it for a long time.Please think about how to tell her the bad news.(3)think of 表示认为， 一般用于疑问句中，与 what 连用。What do you think of the TV play? = How do you like the TV play?2. big/ large/ great上述形容词都表示大，但侧重点及程度不同。(1) big 指具体事物的大小，强调比正常形体的标准大，既可用在普通场合， 也可用在正式场合。它可用来指人的身材高大或长大了，还可表示伟大，重要之意。如：Can you lift up this big stone?On the last day I made a big decision.(2) large 特别强调远远超过标准的大，指体积、面积、容积、数量之大。如：A whale is a large animal.A large crowd collected at the gate of the theatre.(3