2010年中国人民大学考博英语真题.pdf
中国人民大学 2010 年考博英语真题Part I Vocabulary (20%)Directions: Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D) to complete each of thefollowing sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across the square bracketson your Machine -scoring ANSWER SHEET.1. Today scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role inorganisms.A. live B. life C. living D. alive2. The news commentator says that the argument the speaker has presented does notwater.A. have B. contain C. include D. hold3. Terrorists murder and kidnap people,bombs, hijack airplanes, set fires, andcommit other serious crimes.A. light up B. set off C. plant in D. ignite4. Television has become quite a vigorous activity. Sitting up is exhausting somost people down while watching television.A. lay B. lie C. lying D. lied5. If each of us does our part little by little, we canthe lifespan of our planetand ourselves.A. enlarge B. expand C. increase D. grow6. The role of American women significantly from the time the nation was born, tothe modern era of the 1950s and 1960s.A. has changed B. has been changed C. changed D. had been changed7. Financial statement is a financial report or record usually on a quarterly andannually basis which provides an individuals，an organizations，or bussinesss financial states.A. competed B. compiled C. collated D. contested8. Management operates through various ，often classified as planning, organleading/ motivating and controlling.A. foundations B. functions C. roles D. relations9. The Jatakana culture encompasses everyof life from beliefs, superstitions,and practices to art, education and tourism.A. respect B. inspect C. aspect D. suspect10. Organizational culture can be defined as a system of shared beliefs and valuesthat develops within an organization and behaviors of its members.A. guides B. indicates C. controls D. supervises11. Everyone in America these days seems to be with his or her physical fitness,and everyone is talking about getting in shape.A. concerned B. allured C. connected D. attracted12. The Internet has been around for an almost equal amount of time as most formsof media, but only recently a popular way of retrieving information.A. has it become B. it has became C. it becomes D. does it become13. Censorship，a word that seems to be quite controversy over certain people, maynot be such a bad idea.A. arguing B. attacking C. causing D. discussing14. We are living in the midst of a great chemical experiment and some consequencesare becoming apparent to scientists.A. cereal B. serial C. series D. serious15. For the last 20 years or so the subject of global warming has heated debateamong the worlds brightest minds.A. spawned B. injected C. modeled D. moved16. In todays modern society alcohol addiction and alcohol has become one of themost complex life-threatening issues.各类考试资料 vx：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料A. infuse B. abuse C. reduce D. refuse17. He argued that the of firearms in America is an illegal act, and degrades thevalues this country was founded on.A. banning B. prohibit C. vote D. forbid18. Advocates of private school argue that education in one of these facilitiesis more valuable and than any other educational opportunity.A. awarded B. awarding C. rewarded D. rewarding19. Children are often sports at an early age. As they get older and start schoolthey participate in sports as a way both to make new friends and be active.A. exposed to B. spoiled by C. indulged in D. worried about20. Although the study of genetics is an entirely new field, it mankind for manyyears.A. has combined B. has interested in C. has involved D. has fascinatedPart II Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Choose the best answer from A, B，C and D) to complete each of thefollowing sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across the square bracketson your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIn 1987，H. I. V/AIDS joined a list of diseases that could keep a person out ofthe United States. The government later tried to cancel, its decision，but congressmade the travel ban a part of immigration law. People with H. I. V.，the virus thatcauses AIDS, could seek an exception, but that meant extra work. Last year, Congressand President George W. Bush began the process of ending the travel ban. NowPresident Obama is finishing the process.BARACK OBAMA : “We talk about reducing the stigma of this disease, yet we havetreated a visitor living with it as a threat. We lead the world when it comes tohelping the AIDS pandemic, yet we are only a dozen countries that still bar peopleH. I. V. from entering our country. ” A final rule published Monday will end thetravel ban effective January fourth. H. I. V. will no longer be a condition thatcan exclude people. And H. I. V. testing will no longer for those who need a medicalexamination for immigration purposes. AIDS has killed more than twenty-five peoplesince the early 1980s.In September, there was news that a vaccine showed some ability to prevent H. I.V. infection in humans for the first time. The full results of the vaccine studywere presented in later October at an international conference in Paris. They werealso reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers confirmedthat the study in Thailand produced only “modest” results. The United States Armysponsored the vaccine trial. The study combined two vaccines, using versions ofH. I. V. common in Thailand. Neither vaccine alone had shown success in earlierstudies. Thai researchers tested the combination in more than 16, 000 volunteers.Half of the volunteers got the vaccine. The others got a placebo, an inactivesubstance. All were given condoms and counseling on AIDS prevention for three years.The study found 31 percent fewer cases of infection in the vaccine group than inthe placebo group.But critics said the findings could possibly have resulted from chance. Theannouncement in September was based on all 16, 000 volunteers. Almost one-thirdof them, however didnt follow all the required steps in the study. Results justfrom those who did were similar to the larger group, but the influence of chanceis way more of a possibility. Still, the researchers said the study produced enoughvaluable information to offer new hopes for AIDS research.21. According to the article,did not want people with H. I. V. virus to seek entryto America twenty years ago.A. George Bush B. Obama C. the Congress D. the Senate22. According to this article, it waswho sponsored that medical experiment tofind vaccine for H. I. V. carriers.A. the Thai Government B. the French GovernmentC. the scientist from New England D. the United States Army23. From the article we can infer that 8,000 volunteers in were given the vaccine.A. Thailand B. the United States of AmericaC. France D. Canada24. According to the article, which one of the following statements is true?A. America was the only country that prevented people with H. I. V. from enteringthe country.B. Only a few countries refused to issue entry visa to people with H. I. V.C. The conference held in Paris was on AIDS prevention.D. The vaccine test conducted in Thailand produced important results.25. According to the critics, the findings of the test .A. has produced enough valuable informationB. should not be taken seriouslyC. has produced reliable statisticsD. has paved a solid foundation for further researchPassage Two“ Two hundred eight million, two hundred nine million, two hundred ten million.”That is the sound of solid waste hitting the bottom of garbage cans all over UnitedStates in 1996. Solid wastes are materials that are discarded or thrown away afteruse by consumers and businesses. This does not include fluid materials. During thatyear, Americans threw away 210 million tons ( about 43 pounds/20 kilograms per persondaily) of garbage. We throw away 12. 4 million tons of glass and about 80 milliontons of paper products. America also throws away large amounts (in tons) of foodscraps, yard wastes, plastics, sludge from sewage treatment plants, and othermaterials. That is almost a mountain of garbage.Even though we make an effort to recycle and compost our solid waste, the amountof waste keeps increasing each year. Our biggest problem is where to put the solidwaste and how to keep it from polluting our environment. If solid waste is disposedof incorrectly, it can contaminate our surface and underground water supplies.Currently, our municipal waste or waste collected by our cities and towns, goesto landfills. Today, about 85% of our garbage goes to landfills or garbage dumps.This waste must be treated to keep rats, flies and other animals from building theirhome in the landfills. The treat also prevents the growth of bacteria and otherorganism that carry diseases. So, how do we handle thismountain of garbage? Scientists have come up with different methods for handlingour waste problem.One type of waste disposal called sanitary landfill was first used in FresnoCalifornia, in 1937. In sanitary landfill, the solid waste is spread in thin layersthat compacted and covered with a layer of earth. This is a more expensive method,but it takes away the hazards that are caused by landfills. It also allowed theland to be used for building or recreation. The negative of the landfills is thatits tough to find open land and this process is very expensive. The land alsoneeds its water sources protected so that the water will not pollute the water supply.Landfill (water dumps) and sanitary landfills rely on the natural biodegradabilityof the solid wastes. Solid wastes are biodegradable if they can decay or break downthrough the action of living organisms and return to the earth. However certainmaterials take longer to decay than others, and some materials do not decay ordecompose at all. Scientists need to find other methods of waste disposal.Incineration and recycling are methods that are currently in use today.26. This passage is about disposal problem of solid waste .A. by consumers B. in CaliforniaC. by municipal government D. in America27. From the article we can infer that .A. treatment of the solid is a hard nut to crackB. solution for proper disposal will be found soonC. California set a good example in solid waste in 1930sD. the government remains confident about the solid waste28. According to the article, about is dumped to landfills.A. 12. 4 million tons of garbage B. 80 million tons of garbageC. 85% of the garbage D. 92. 4 tons of garbage29. The word “recycle”( Line 1, Paragraph 2) means .A. to send something far away B. to throw something away to the right placeC. to convert waste into reusable material D. to turn into fertilizers30. According to the article, which one of the following is NOT true?A. Solid waste does not include fluid materials.B. Sanitary landfill is a type of waste disposal method once used in California.C. Burning is not a method that is used today.D. Composting is still one of the ways to handle the mountain of garbage.Passage ThreeWho would have thought we would become a planet of “ologies”？ Theres biology,psychology, herpetology, etymology, and geology just to name a few. However, one“ology” truly helps us to understand the most part of our planet, our environment.Ecology (which is filled with ecologists) is the study of ecosystems and the beingsand organisms that inhabit those ecosystems. Just think, in condition of bees, deerand other organisms, you are important to ecologists. Ecosystems are communitiesthat vary in size and location. They can be as small as a patch of glass or as largeas the entire biosphere. The many varieties of plants and animals that exist inour planet ecosystems are important to our ecosystems. Plants in particular provideoxygen and nutrients all organisms need to survive. These producers have the abilityto use the suns energy to produce food(think photosynthesis). This is where the animals and consumers become important.The animals get their energy by eating the plants and other organisms within theecosystem. Without the producers and consumers, decomposers would not have a job.As you may have guests, decomposers, like bacteria, step in broken down, the organicmaterials are absorbed by the soil and gases are sent back into our atmosphere.The whole process is ready to start again through the Earths natural cycles. Therehas to be a balance of producers, consumers, decomposers in order to remain abalanced ecosystem.Remember, all organisms need matter and energy to survive. An ecosystem is balancedwhen matter and energy move efficiently through those ecosystems. Just as yourbackpack has a limit on the number of huge textbooks it can carry at any given time,all ecosystems have a limit on the populations they can maintain. Carrying capacityis the largest population an ecosystem can support at any particular time. Thesupport of this population depends on the amount of resources (matter and energy)that are available and the movement of those resources within that ecosystem. Ifenergy and matter are moving efficiently through an ecosystem, then the currentpopulation of plants and animals has not reached beyond the ecosystems theecosystems carrying capacity. Once resources dwindle or animal populationsincrease dramatically, the ecosystem may not be able to support those populations.Fortunately, nature has three ways to control the balance of ecosystems: ecologicalresponses to change, energy transfer, and food chains and food webs.31. The purpose of starting the article with the word-ending “ology” ( Line 1,Paragraph 1) isA. to trace the origin of “ology”B. to give an example for the meaning of “ology”C. to introduce the term “ecology”D. to illustrate the importance of balancing the ecosystems32. According to this article, the ecosystems .A. are in danger of being destroyed B. are very small in sizeC. refer only to the entire biosphere D. vary greatly in size and location33. According to the article, the word “producers”(Line 4，Paragraph 2) refersto A. plants B. animals C. ecologists D. consumers34. We can infer from the article that in the ecosystem the job for the “decomposer”( Lines 7-8, Paragraph 2) is to A. absorb the suns energyB. produce oxygen and nutrientsC. break down the dung and the remains of dead organD. eat the plants and animals35. According to the article,has three ways to control the balance of theecosystems.A. human beings B. the environment C. animals and plants D. naturePassage FourIn modem days, on the western bank of the upper Tigris River stands an Iraqi citycalled QaFat Shartlat. Thousands of years ago, this very site was once the capitalof a great Mesopotamian empire. At the time, the place had a different name. Itwas called Ashur or Arrur. The word Ashur eventually gave rise to the team Assyria,which was the northern part of Mesopotamia. People living in that region later becameknown as the Assyrians.Historians often divide the long history of Assyria into three periods even thoughthey cannot reach a consensus over the exact dates of each era. The three periodsw
