2014年四川大学博士入学考试英语真题及答案.pdf

2014 年四川大学博士入学考试英语真题及答案IReading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below eachpassage by choosing A, B, C, or D. Write your answers on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by abureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in themachinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories andpiped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet allthis oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he isbored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have becomeeconomic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucraticmanagement.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might findthemselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable toacquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die withoutever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence asemotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives areno less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure insome respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or tofall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect.When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as wellas for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the momenton they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is abig business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability,capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good asor better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode ofproduction or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainlynot. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has alreadyoutgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucraticallymanaged industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends inthemselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development ofhis potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of socialarrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to thisend and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver theidea that man is _.A a necessary part of the society though each individuals function isnegligibleB working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the societyD a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that _.A they are likely to lose their jobsB they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceD they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs tothose _.A who are at the bottom of the societyB who are higher up in their social statusC who prove better than their fellow-competitorsD who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestionthat we should _.A resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD take the fundamental realities for granted5. The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized asone of _.A approvalB dissatisfactionC suspicionD susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock bymilitary personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps,crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsomepath of the enemy.各类考试资料 vx：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man,not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions ofthe 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco andTunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insectinvasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in theMiddle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began inlate 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of theSudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggsin the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another Africanfamine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) invegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided twospraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community hasdonated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China haveprovided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But reliefefforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, whichquickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The mosteffective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned bymany Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco andMauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenousswarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, thelocust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought undercontrol.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that _.A the command post is stationed with people all the time.B the command post is crowded with people all the time.C there are clocks around the command post.D the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is _.A rich soil.B wet landC spaces covered crops and vegetationD the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because _.A the insects are likely to create another African famine.B the insects may blacken the sky.C the number of the insects increases drastically.D the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?A Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.B Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness ofcertain pesticides.C Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted inmany countries.D Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated withlocust-killing chemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is _.A to devise antilocust plans.B to wipe out the swarms in two years.C to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.D to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sportsship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the InternationalOlympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticismover Dows sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium,particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned inprotest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people andthe serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner ofthe plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainabilityremit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement butthat it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors forfuture Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround theOlympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOCthat was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commissions role in evaluating the Dowdeal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe toraise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent,sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locogs examination ofDow Chemicals current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dowachieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” saidMcCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is nodoubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to thevictims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts anda matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that weoperate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that“good press” has been made to wands many of Locogs sustainability target,but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy toachieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to userenewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site provedimpractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said theyhad to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbonreductions through energy conservation if theyre not going to do it throughrenewable energy,” said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, butquite frankly they just havent done it.”11. Why was Dows sponsorship criticized according to the passage?A The products are not sustainable.B It was related to Bhopal disaster.C It bribed the London Olympic committee.D It cant reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?A Commissions roleB Commissions achievementsC Commissions complaintsD Commissions defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row”(Para. 1)?A lineB argumentC boatingD course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned inthe passage?A Ethic champion of the games.B Reduction in carbon emissions.C The wind turbine proved to be impractical.D Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?A Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.B Dows way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.C Campaign against Dows sponsorship.D IOCs review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activistsare seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen andethnicity to its white-male board.A womens rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running anonline petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, isescalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have aFuture at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such asHillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smilingface of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority ofits users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity onthe site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-maleboard, the group says, is “not just wrong, its bad for business”. Arelated campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity onthe seven-member board. “seven white men: Thats ridiculous,” the groupsays on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, whichlists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters,also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video citesa recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was notoriginally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a socialmission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. SusanStautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization forfemale corporate board members, says Zuckerbergs thinking is flawed. “Ifyoure trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on theboard who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys onFacebooks board all have the same skills-theyre mostly from Silicon Valleyand Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and risingmarkets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When youre puttingtogether a board, you dont want your best friends, you want the bestpeople.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan,research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially betterthan companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that overthe course of four to five years, companies with three or more female boardmembers, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came toreturn on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member,according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg saidFacebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to helpseek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due toconfidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?A It is a non-government organization.B It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations likeFacebook” through the Internet.C It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.D It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “FaceIt”?A It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebooks board ofdirectors.B The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.C It indicated the original objective of Zuckerbergs establishment ofFacebook.D It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has theclosest meaning of _.A against all oddsB supported byC disagree withD waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _.A have a complex system of management.B possess the most market globally.C have your best and cl