旅游概论复习资料(原版)(共13页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上旅游概论复习资料旅游业Tourism industry： Tourism industry:the range of bussinesses and organisations involved in delivering the tourism product. 指由各类旅游企业和旅游部门构成、提供旅游产品的行业。旅游tourism 从需求的角度：the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places oustside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,business and other purposes.旅游是人们为了休闲、商务和其他目的，离开自己的常居环境、连续不超过一年的旅行和逗留活动。从供给的角度： the tourist industry consists of all those firms ,organisations and facilities which are intended to serve the specific needs and wants of tourists. 旅游业是为了满足旅游者需要和愿望的所有的企业、组织机构和设施构成的行业。休闲leisure：the time available to an individual when work ,sleep and other basic needs have been met .一个人工作、睡觉和其他需求后所拥有的时间 消遣recreation：pursuit engaged upon during leisure time.在休闲时间寻求参与性的活动。旅游需求definitions of tourism demand ： The total number of persons who travel ,or wish to travel ,to use toursit facilities and services at places away from their places of work and residence.离开自己工作和居住的地方外出旅游或具有旅游的愿望，并使用旅游设施的人数总和。有效需求或现实需求（effective or actual demand ）: the actual number of participants in tourism who are travelling . 指参加旅游的实际人数或指那些正在旅游的现实旅游者。受抑制的需求suppressed demand ： Is made up of that section of the populatin who do not travel for some reason。由人口中那些因各种原因不能参加旅游的部分构成。分两类：1.潜在需求potential demand ：refers to those who will travel at some future date iif the expenrience a change in their circumstance .指那些如果某些条件发生变化，在未来时间将参加旅游的人们。2.延缓需求deferred demand ：a demand postponed because of a problem in the suppluy environment .指由于供给条件出问题而推迟的需求。3.无需求no demand ：there will be those who simply do not wish to travel or are unable to travel ,constituting a category of no demand .总有一些人不愿意或不能参加旅游。替代需求substitution of demand ：refers to the case when demand for one activity is substitutedby another 指一种旅游活动需求被另一种旅游活动需求所替代。转移需求：旅游倾向Travel propensity：indicators of effective demand in any particular population ,consides the penetration of tourism trips in a population测定人口中有效需求的指标，直接考察旅游在人口中的渗透程度。净旅游倾向Net travel propensity refers to the percentage of the population that takes at least one tourism trip in a given period of time.指在一定的时间内至少参加一次旅游的人数占人口总数的比例。总旅游倾向Gross travel propensity gives the total number of tourism trips taken as a percentage of the population.：指参加旅游的总人数占人口总数的比例。需求量Demand schedules refers to the quantities of a product that an individual wishes to purchase at different prices at a given point in time.只在一定的时间内，人们愿意以不同的价格购买产品的数量。旅游动机travel motivators: explain why people want to travel and they are the inner urges that initiate travel demand .引发旅游需求的内驱力，并可以说明人们为什么需要旅游。形象images :are sets of beliefs ,ideas and impressions relating to products and destinations.对产品和目的地的信任，看法和感受的集合体。自我中心型psychocentricwhich is derived from psyche or self-centred where an individual centres thoughts or concerns on the small problem areas of life .these individuals tend to be conservative in their travel patterns ,preferring safe destinations and often taking many return trip.出自于心理中心或自我中心/。这种人格类型的人重视生活中的琐事。他们倾向于保持原有的旅游方式，更喜欢去“安全的”旅游目的地并进行多次重复的旅游。多中心型allocentric: theses individuals are adventurous and motivated to travel/discover new destination,they rarely return to the same place twice . 这种人格类型的人喜欢冒险，持有游览或发现新旅游目的地的动机。他们很少去一个地方旅游两次。有限解决问题模型limited problem-solving models(LPS models)are applicable to repeat or mundane purchases with a low level of consumer involvement .适用于购买重复性和日常性的产品，消费者对购买的关注程度很低。深化解决问题模型：exstend problem-solving models(EPS models)apply to purchases associated with high levels of perceived risk and involvement ,and where the information search and evaluation of alternatives plays an important patr in the purchasing decision. 适用于高风险意识和高关注程度的购买决策，收集信息和评估备选方案在购买决策中起重要的作用。An introduction to tuorismA basic understanding of the real nature of tourism activity and a knowledge of the myths that surround tourism study 旅游的误解和现实误解世界上绝大多数的旅游是国际旅游现实国内旅游在世界上占主导地位,国内旅游占旅游者总数的80%误解世界上绝大多数都是航空旅游,旅游者乘坐飞机从一国飞到另一国现实世界上绝大多数旅游都使用地面交通工具(以小汽车为主)误解旅游的目的仅仅是休闲度假现实旅游是包括经商、会议和教育在内的各种目的的活动误解在旅游行业就业实际上是一种旅行的方式和学习语言的机会现实绝大多数旅游从业人员在接待业工作中很少有机会参与旅游An appreciation of the individual elements which, when combined, comprise the tourism system (P4); and an understanding of Leipers tourism system (p6) 了解旅游体系由哪些要素组成（详见翻译版P5的图表）和雷珀模型A knowledge of basic supply-side and demand-side definitions of tourism and the associated difficulties and issues (详见定义篇)How to define tourism? Why is tourism so difficult to define and what are the implications of these difficulties for the measurement of tourism? 旅游是由一系列个人、企业、部门和地区以不同的方式组合在一起，为旅游者提供体验的活动。旅游具有多项性和多面性，它涉及到多种生活方式和各类经济活动，因此旅游难以定义毫不奇怪。Why divide up the tourism system into individual elements?旅游是一个相对年轻的研究领域，这给旅游的教学、科研和学科研究造成一系列的问题，如旅游学科本身被一些概念性的薄弱点和模糊点所困扰，在旅游业的专业术语，甚至旅游的定义或旅游业的构成上没有真正的统一认识。旅游业旅游业中包含了众多行业和部门，一个学科和一个经济部门的构成过于多项和复杂将不利于自身的学术研究。旅游研究在资料来源上也特别缺乏，表现在研究资料的质量不高和可比性较差两个方面。传统的旅游研究方法往往重视实际操作并将旅游简化在一些具体的活动和商业交易上。为了解决上述问题，建立一种旅游研究的框架结构是非常重要的。在着方面有许多的方法，而跨学科研究或多学科研究是可以选择的方法之一。How do the concepts of leisure, recreation and tourism relate to each other? （翻译版P12）Chapter one Tourism DemandUnderstand the concept of tourism demand and identify the basic components which, when combined, constitute total demand (P24-25)1、Concept of tourism demand: it may vary according to the subject perspective of the author (such as economists/psychologists/geographers)2、Three basic components of tourism demand: Effective or actual demand; suppressed demand; no demand.Grasp the knowledge of indicators of demand and know how these indicators may be calculated 净旅游倾向=参加至少1次旅游的人数人口总数总旅游倾向=参加旅游的总人数人口总数国家潜在旅游产生指数=Ne/NwPe/PwWhat are the differences between “No Demand” and “Potential Demand”? What are the factors that might account for individuals in the “no demand” category? 潜在需求指那些如果某些条件发生变化，在未来时间将参加旅游的人们。例如购买力或有权享受更多的带薪假日，这种需求就可以转变为有效需求。而无需求是由于总有一些人不愿意或不能参加旅游。 旅游需求的抑制因素：1、旅游的费用昂贵,要求人们具有一定收入水平才能进入市场。旅游与其他产品争夺可供使用的资金。2、对有些人来说，缺少时间是个问题，他们不能安排出足够的时间段离家外出停留。这也许是由于家庭或工作的原因所致。3、身体限制（如健康不佳）对许多人来说是不能参加旅游的重要原因。特别是心脏病和身体/精神缺陷是旅游的主要障碍。4、家庭条件，如单亲家庭或必须照顾老人的家庭可能难以旅游。5、政府限制，如一些国家政府对货币和签证的控制可能是旅游的真正障碍（包括入境旅游和出境旅游）。6缺乏兴趣/恐惧对一些人来说是旅游的真正阻力。潜在需求与无需求的区别应该是上面的3、4、5、6。How the market and individual demand curves for tourism differ from other commodities? 旅游产品富有弹性，为奢侈品；日用品为必需品，一般弹性较小。Chapter two Consumer behavior and tourism demandUnderstand “Consumer Decision-Making” framework (P32) and the elements that make up the tourism consumer decision process as a system:构成消费者决策过程的4个基本要素1) Energizers of demand需求驱动力2) Effectors of demand; 需求影响力3) Roles and the decision-making process; 角色和决策过程4) Determinants of demand. 决定需求的因素 Understand Maslows hierarchy model and the theory of motivation (Dann; McIntosh,Goeldner and Ritchie; Plog):P34-36Maslows hierarchy model（翻译版P36）Lower 1. Physiologicalhunger, thirst, rest, activity 生理需要 2. Safetysecurity, freedom from fear and anxiety 安全需要 3. Belonging and loveaffection, giving and receiving love 归属和爱的需要 4. Esteemself-esteem and esteem for others Higher 尊重的需要 5. Self-actualisationpersonal self-fulfilment 自我实现的需要McIntosh, Goeldner and Ritchie (1995) （翻译版P37）Ø Physical motivators 身体健康动机Ø Cultural motivators 文化动机Ø Interpersonal motivators 人际动机Ø Status and prestige motivators 地位与声望动机Plog(1974) （翻译版P38） Psychocentri自我中心型c: “self-centered”; conservative(保守的); preferring “safe” destinations Allocentric多中心型: adventurous; motivated to discover new destinations; rarely return to the same place twiceKnow the tourist typologies and its relation to specific forms of tourism and tourist needs.Tourist typologies: the organized mass tourist; the individual mass tourist; the explorer; the drifter. Or institutionalized tourism and non-institutionalized tourism。（翻译版P41）Know the other factors that influence tourism consumer decision processRole and family influence; the importance of image; the holiday image etc. (P38-41)Be familiar with the determinants of demand for tourism as well as the suppressed demand for tourism: （翻译版P44）旅游需求的决定因素1、 Lifestyle determinants of demand for tourism: income, employment, holiday entitlement, educational attainment and mobility.生活方式因素:收入、职业、带薪假期、受教育程度和机动性。2、 Life cycle determinants of demand for tourism生命周期因素Review the major determinants of demand at an individual level and assess their relative importance;Chapter three Models and Patterns of Tourism DemandIdentify two categories of models of tourism demand: Models of consumer behavior in tourism and Quantitative models: 消费者行为模型一般侧重于个人范畴;数量模型侧重于群体层面.Understand the buying decision process and the differences between this process for low-involvement products and high-involvement purchases such as tourism; (P52-53)Know about macro determinants of demand and propensity to travel决定需求的宏观因素和旅游倾向旅游倾向对于特定的人口来说将随着下列特征而不断提高:1、收入2、都市化3、受教育程度4、机动性随着下列特征而降低: 1、家庭规模的扩大；2、不断 增长的年龄Know two key patterns of demand (旅游需求模式)for tourism (historical & regional) Compare different models of consumer behavior and identify its respective characteristics. aking China as an example, analyze the patterns of demand for tourism and explain them in respect of social, technological, economic and political factors.(STEP分析法)What role the buying decision process is playing regarding to tourism marketing in tourism industry?重要模型的通用性：（翻译版P57）1、将消费者行为视为决策过程。2、将重点集中于个体消费者行为。3、相信人的行为是理性的，因此人的行为基本上是可以解释的。4、它们认为购买行为是有目的的，收集信息和评价信息是决策程序的关键组成部分。5、它们认为消费者吸收的信息量是有限的，但随着时间的流逝，消费者从收集一般性的信息转向特殊的要求和偏好，以便进行选择。6、都包含了反馈的概念，即能够影响今后购买决策的购买结果。7、消费者的行为是由个人的期望所引发的诸多过程。Chapter Four Measuring demand for tourismKnow the importance of measuring both international and domestic demand for tourism (P78-79 & P83-85)a.为什么要对国际旅游进行测量对国家收支平衡产生影响（无形进口，无形出口）；可建立官方记录，并能够控制某一时段的旅游活动趋势；访问者的相关信息可被运用于市场营销活动和计划b.为什么要对国内旅游进行测量测量旅游对整个经济的贡献；用于制定出促销和市场营销策略；有助于制定区域发展政策。What is measured in respect of tourism activity (both international and domestic)? And what are the methods used in this regard? (P81 & P85) 测量内容1. Volume statistics 数量统计（Number of trips，Total tourist nights） 旅行次数=人数*每个人参加旅行的平均次数 旅游者过夜总数=旅游者参加旅游的次数*平均过夜数2. Value (expenditure) statistics 收入（支出）统计3. Visitor profile statistics 访问者概况统计测量方法国际:国家对出入境口岸的人员的计数程序；住宿设施的入住登记表；国际客运部门的旅游客档案摘要和家庭情况调查国内:家庭调查（可以建立家庭样本结构并雇佣访谈人员利用问卷形式去收集信息）途中调查（关键点是选出逗留和过路的人们，然后或者对他们进行访谈，或者发给他们问卷或其他文请他们回去后自己抽时间填好并通过邮寄方式收回主要问题是所选取样本的代表性值得怀疑）目的地调查（在热点旅游目的地或在具有高水平旅游活动的区域进行，通常是有一组访谈人员进行个人面谈）对供应商的调查（为了获得设施出租率和访问者人数等方面的信息）Discuss the research process and its implementation in tourism (P89-95).调查程序识别调查需要-统一调查目的-明确调查目标-涉及调查方案-实施既定步骤-分析数据-报告结果-使用调查结果收集原始资料的方法问卷设计、抽样、数据分析、调查报告Traveler: Visitor: any person residing in a country, who travels to a place within the country, ourside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated(有酬劳的) from within the place visited. Same-day visitor: a visitor who does not spend the night in a collective or private accommodation in the place visited.Tourist: a visitor who stays in the place visited for at least one night.Resident: a person is considered to be a resident in a place if the person has lived for most of the past year in that place or he has lived in that place for a shorter period and intends to return within 12 months to live in that country.Chapter Five: DestinationUnderstand the common features of tourist destination and the status of tourist destination as a focal point of tourism activity（理解旅游目的地的共同特征） 目的地是一个集合体（综合性）；目的地是文化财富； 旅游目的地具有不可分割性，即旅游产品生产和消费的同一性； 目的地不仅为旅游者所使用，也被其他群体所使用（多用性） Identify the components of the destination amalgams（目的地集合体的组成部分）吸引物；设备设施（住宿和餐饮设施，零售和其他服务设施）；可进入性（发展和维护高效交通系统）；辅助性服务。Understand the notion of sustainable tourism and two key concepts in relation to sustainable tourism: carrying capacity and long-term (strategic) planning:可持续发展：在满足当代人需要的同时不损害满足后代人需要的能力。Destination Stakeholders目的地的利益集团：当地居民，旅游者，旅游企业，政府部门。Comprehend the destination evolution process with a representative theory: Tourist area life cycle (TALC):; on the basis of that, foresee the future development of tourist destination:旅游地生命周期理论：探索期；导入期；发展期；稳定期；停滞期；衰退期；恢复期。目的地未来发展：.以建设为目的的开发；开发目的地自我完善型的产品。.开发具有真实性和敏感性旅游体验的产品How do you distinguish tourism product from other products? Can you identify the key trends in destination planning and development?只有精心规划和管理并提供可持续的旅游产品，才能使目的地的各个组成部分有效运作，并保证其中某一部分或更多的部分不会冒进于其他部分。抛弃短期行为的观念转变使人们认识到对市场和目的地实施战略规划管理是非常重要的。对目的地生命周期每一个发展阶段实行各种合理的规划不仅可行，而且通过对目的地的发展模式不断进行检验和调整可以保证每一个发展阶段都实现可持续发展，这种长远观点对防止目的地容量超载和不可恢复的资源破坏提供了控制和保证措施。Why is the concept of carrying capacity so crucial to a destination and what are the likely implications if carrying capacity is exceeded? Give an example to illustrate that.目的地承载能力的重要性：一个景点，度假地甚至地区所能承受而不会造成破坏性后果的旅游资源的利用能力。Destination: as the focus of facilities and services designed to meet the needs of the tourist.Resort（度假地）:a place that attracts large numbers of tourists and that tourism endows with special characteristics. Infrastructure基础设施:represnts all forms of construction above or below ground needed by an inhabited area.with extensive communication with the outside world as a basis for tourism activity in the area.Superstructure（旅游设施）:includes accommodation built attractions and retailing and other services . Chapter Six The economic impact of tourismUnderstand the economic significance of tourism and the economic contribution of tourism locally, nationally, and internationally（旅游对经济的重要作用）.旅游是一个无形进口的工业。.旅游是综合性行业，与其他经济部门产生直接联系。.旅游是服务型的行业。旅游对发展中国家和发达国家的不同影响：Ø 发展中：衡量它所能创造外汇收入的能力以及为出口行业提供更大价格弹性手段。Ø 发达：对经济实现多样化战略的促进作用，以及对地区发展不平衡的防止及调节作用。Ø 地区：经济不平衡的防止及调节作用。Ø 国家：创造外汇收入的能力Ø 国际：收入在国家间再分配。Appreciate the positive and negative economic impacts of tourism activity旅游对经济的积极作用：直接影响，间接影响，诱发影响。旅游对经济的消极作用：机会成本（劳动力，资源），通货膨胀和土地价格上升，漏损。Know the general method to measure economic impact of tourism (The Multiple concept) and analyze the significance as well as the weakness of multiplier models乘数的类型：交易乘数，产出乘数，收入乘数，就业乘数，政府收入乘数。乘数的重要性：与经济规模大小，经济发展水平的联系，其他必要的指示（游客密度，经济独立性）乘数的缺点：数据缺乏，假设的限制和运用的局限，供给限制。替代效应Displacement effect: Where tourism development substitutes one form of expenditure and economic activity for another .环境监察Environmental auditing：Environmental auditing are primarily impact studies of particular events or developments, environmental auditing represent a modus operandi, an ongoing process of monitoring and evaluation.Direct effects indirect effects iniduced effects 见书132页。Chapter Seven The environmental impact of tourismUnderstand the physical impacts of tourism on the environment, both direc