大学英语跨文化复习资料(共10页).docx

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上大学英语跨文化复习资料第一章：文化 (1) Culture (from intercultural communication perspective): is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.（从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。） (2) Culture Identity: refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。） (3) Subculture: refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.（亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域。） (4) Co-culture: refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.（共文化：指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和行为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。）(与其他民族群体有差异性，但是有共同性)(5) Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do.（亚群体：相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。）Case AnalysisCase 2: P11White Dress Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.Case 4: P21Coconut-skating Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and its learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.Case 6 P30Hippies Case analysis: Hippies could be defined as a subgroup, as the hippies culture tends to be temporary. In modern American society, hippies culture could also find traits, but it has wide spread influence on American value system.第二章：交流和跨文化交流交流的九大要素(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.（编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。）(4) Channel/Medium: It is the method used to deliver a message.（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。）(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.（信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。)(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。）(7) Feedback: The response of a receiver to a senders message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。）(8) Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。）(9) Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。）(10) Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.（跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。）(11) International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized.（国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。）(12) Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.（跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。）(13) Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。）(14) Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。）（15）交际的定义：Latin word “communication” share with make common refer to the act of conveying intended meaning to another entity through the use of mutually understood signs and semioticrules.Case AnalysisCase 12: P61Why Dont You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.第三章：文化在知觉上的影响(1) Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。)(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。) (3) Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。) (4) Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. （组织：组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。）(5) Interpretation: It refers to attach meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。）Case AnalysisCase 15: P74Observations on a Soldier This case can reflect the basic model of human perception. Human being is equipped to sense the outside stimuli and perceive the outside world. And the perception follows a certain modelafter being gained through the five basic senses, information is processed through selection, organization and interpretation. In this case, Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft did observations on the soldier according to the basic model of human perception. They selected some useful information which they gained from outside world through their five basic senses, organized it in a reasonable logic and then attached meanings to it.Case 16: P84Different Responses to Noise This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation. No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world. So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition. In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.第四章：跨文化交际障碍(1) Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。）(2) Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or others feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety. (不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。)(3) Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. （假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。）(4) Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture.（民族优越感：民族优越感指从本国文化的标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。）(5) Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）(6) Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.（偏见：偏见是指对于某一特定群体、种族、宗教、或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。）(7) Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.（种族主义：种族主义是指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任一政策、做法、信仰或态度。）Case AnalysisCase 21: P111A Danish Woman in New York This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.Case 22: P11Ambiguous Time This case can reflect ethnocentrism. Cultures train their members to use the categories of their own cultural experiences when judging the experiences of people from other cultures. They will believe that their culture is the center of the world and their standard should be the role model for the rest of the world. Concerning this case, somehow Chinese people have habitually referred 12:00 a.m. as the time around lunchtime, making 12 : 00 p.m. midnight. Fortunately, the way they tell other times are the same as that used in the States, so there's usually no misunderstanding between people from the two cultures. However, there is this one difference and Fan learns it by paying a fine since she may hold that her culture is the center of the world.Case 23: P126Girl-ness This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages. Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States. In China, "girl" means someone who is young and single. In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman. For most people, "woman" means someone who is married and who probably is not young. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called "women". While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the "women's liberation movement in the 1960s". The term "'girl" is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.第五章：言语的跨文化交际(1) Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language. 来自不同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际。 (2) Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people. 方言是某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。 (3) Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. （社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语风格不同而产生的方言。） (4) Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。 (5) When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region, it is called a Creole. 当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言时，它就成为克里奥耳语或混合语。 (6) Lingua franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. 通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。 (7) Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite. 禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。 (8) Euphemism is Taboos linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary. 委婉语是替代具有冒犯性的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。 (9) Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law. （行话指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药和法律。）（10）Verbal Communiication Styles(言语交际的风格)1.Direct and Indirect Styles(直接与间接的风格)2.Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Styles(自夸式和自谦式风格)（自夸式）The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities.(自谦式) The self-effacement verbal style,on the other hand emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints,hesitations and modest talk.3.Elaborate Exacting and Succinct Style（详尽的，确切的，简洁的）详尽的eg：Arab，Middle Eastern and Afro-American（黑人）确切的eg：americans简洁的eg：Japan、China，and some Native American cultures4.personal and Contextual styles(个人的和风格)The personal nature of our language does not distinguish status or rank via pronoun usageA contextual style highlights ones role identity and status.In cultures that employ a contextual style, the social context dictates word choice especially personal pronous.5.Instrumental and Affective Styles（工具性的和情感性的风格）Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey define an instrumental verbal style as sender-based and goal-outcome basedAn affective communication style is receiver and process oriented .Case AnalysisCase 28 P148Two Different Communication Styles The dialogue takes place between a young couple who have been dating for a short time. The man is a U.S. student, and the woman is from an Asian culture. Note the misunderstanding that results as a consequence of the use of direct and indirect modes of communication.In all likelihood, Jim is not going to get much of an answer from Michiko. She continues throughout the dialogue using rather general answers to Jim's very specific and direct questions about her feelings toward the United States. Michiko might believe that Jim is being far too direct and invading her privacy. Besides, the fact that she has traveled halfway around the world should lie indicative of her desire to be here, right? There must he something about the United States that attracted her. Michiko cannot possibly say some¬thing critical about the United States because s