大学英语专业语法专项复习纲要(共12页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 专题一：句子类型与成分1. 简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句2. 句子成分3. 基本句型及其转换和扩大专题二：名词与代词名词的分类n woman Nancy 普通名词 vs 专有名词n coffee a coffee不可数名词 vs 可数名词n friend friendship具体名词 vs 抽象名词n poem poetry个体名词 vs 集体名词名词的数不可数名词的量化表示 (much, a lot of, an amount of, plenty of, a piece of/ several pieces of.)可数名词变复数的特殊形式 (diagnosis-diagnoses; bacterium-bacteria; fish, buffalo; series, species; trousers, pants; ashes, remains)复合名词的复数 (brothers-in-law; )具有双重特性的名词 （green-greens青菜, air-airs神气）名词的格s所有格与介词of所有格当名词表示地理、国家、城市、时间等词时，应该把它们当作有生命的名词对待，即用s所有格。表示某物为两人或多人共有时，在最后一个人名后加s，如果为词组内并列名词各自所有时，则要在各个名词后都加s. 双重所有格 (a friend of yours; A book of John's; This plan of the government's)独立属格：人名s所有格结构可以表示某人所在的店铺、家庭、学校与教堂等地点。 （the grocer's； the Johnson's； Merchant Taylor's； St. Pauls）名词属格的意义：The lion's tail 所属; The study of English 动宾; The city of Shanghai 同位; The departure of the train 主谓名词的句法功能名词在句中担任主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、介词宾语、主语同位语、宾语同位语和表语同位语等成分。表时间、距离、重最、价格、温度和倍数等意义的名词在句中可担任状语。表示材料、用途、工具、地点、性质等的名词可以作定语，修饰另一个名词。（blood pressure血压； car driver小汽车司机；color TV 彩色电视；book store 书店 ；telephone number 电话号码; love story 爱情故事；room number 房间号码; school bus 校车）名词加ed可构成形容词，用作定语。(a three-legged table三条腿的桌子)名词可以和数词一起组合作定语。有连字符时没有复数形式，也不用所有格形式；没有连字符时，有复数形式而且用所有格。(a three-week holiday; a three weeks' holiday)代词的分类人称代词物主代词 （形容词性/名词性物主代词；your yours）反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves指示代词this/these (后指), that/those (前指), such, some疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever关系代词/连接代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little ; other /another, all/ both, neither/ either相互代词each other; one another代词的格主格，宾格，所有格代词与先行词的一致数、性、人称上的一致代词使用常见错误名词反复 指代模糊 遥远指代 代词的频繁转换 反身代词使用错误代词与先行词在“性/人称”上不一致 代词与先行词在“数”上不一致 代词与先行词在“格”上不一致 专题三: 形容词与副词1. 形容词的句法作用（在句中所作成分）与位置2. 副词的句法作用（在句中所作成分）与位置3. 形容词的比较级和最高级4. 副词的比较级和最高级5. 比较级和最高级变化不规则的形容词和副词6. 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的常用句型及用法as + 原级 + asnot as (so) + 原级 + as比较级 + thanno + 比较级 + thannot + 比较级 + thanthe + 比较级, the + 比较级the + 最高级 + of/ in 7. 形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级的修饰语及倍数的比较表达8. 多个形容词修饰同一名词的先后顺序 专题四：动词（1）动词的分类n reach arrive at 及物动词 vs 不及物动词n sleep/study/live buy/leave/die 持续动词 vs 瞬间动词n write/dance/sing think/like 动态动词 vs 静态动词n study be/feel/become do/does/did will/can/must 实义动词 vs 系动词vs 助动词vs 情态动词n go/goes/went/ to go/going/gone 谓语/限定动词 vs 非谓语/非限定动词动词的时态1 一般过去式与现在完成时的区别 是否与现在有联系/是否对现在有影响2 一般过去时与过去完成时的区别是相对于现在 还是 相对于过去3 现在完成时与过去完成时的区别 是否有表示过去特定时间的状语4 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 强调动作的结果 还是 强调动作的持续5 一般将来时的多种表达方式动词的语态n hurt sb get hurt/be hurt 主动语态 vs 被动语态主动表被动1. 系动词 (如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动Your idea sounds interesting. 2. open, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词，表示主语的某种属性时，与cant, wont 等连用，通常用主动形式表示被动意义 The door wont shut.3. read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词，且表示主语的某种属性时，与well, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用，通常用主动形式表示被动意义 The cloth washes well.4. 某些表示开始和结束的动词(begin, start, finish, end等)，当主语为事物且不强调动作的执行者时，可用主动语态表示被动意义 When does the concert begin?5. 非谓语动词 主动表被动不定式用主动形式表示被动意义： Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢？The question is difficult to answer. I want something to drink.-ing 分词 主动形式表被动“需要”型 在need, want, require “值得”型 (be) worth, deserve, merit He needs encouraging. 他需要鼓励。He needs to be encouraged.6. 介词短语表被动“beyond/ under/ in/ on/ in course of+名词”The children were beyond control.The new music hall is under construction.情态动词1 情态动词will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should(应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不）2 情态动词 + 完成式（1） must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：cant / couldnt have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。（2）could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了（3）may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。 （4）ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldnt have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句，表示不应完成但已做的动作（5）neednt have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要”。例如：You neednt have waken me up; I dont have to go to work today.注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生 例：I didnt need to get up early, so I got up until 9 a.m.3 某些情态动词的特殊用法4. 情态动词短语的使用would like to do would rather do would rather + 从句would prefer to do. had better do. may/ might as well do. may well do cannot too / enough专题五：动词（2）非谓语动词分类不定式的时态及语态一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或进行式 to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行完成式 to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生用途： 表将来 表某一次具体的动作 表目的I have a lot work to do; I do not like to dance; To learn English well, I practice more.动名词的时态及语态一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生完成式 Having done having been done 在谓语动作之前用途： 抽象、习惯性（his hobby is painting; I am proud of being a Chinese）分词的时态和语态 现在分词 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done过去分词 done用途： 现在分词： 主动、进行、令人的 过去分词： 被动、完成、 感到的The swimming boy is Tom. (主动、进行）the room facing south（主动）The film is disappointing. Tom is disappointed（令人的)/(感到) Look at the broken glass.(被动、完成) 所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not放在非谓语动词的_前面_如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动词的完成时态。非谓语动词的句法功能（谓语以外的各种成分）做宾语不定式做宾语的动词三个w、h、c ， 二a领着四d 、p, 一r 、m，二l、b, 外加三个o, u, e。 3 w: want(想要), wish(希望), wait(等待)3h: hope(希望), help(帮忙), hesitate(犹豫)3c: care(愿意), choose(选择), claim(声称)2a：agree(同意), afford(担负得起), 4d: dare(敢于), demand(要求), determine(决定), decide(决定) 4p: plan(计划), pretend(假装), promise(允诺), prepare(准备) 1r: refuse(拒绝) 1m: manage (设法)2l: learn(学会), long(渴望) 2b: beg(乞求), bear(忍受)1o: offer(提出) 1u: undertake(答应；同意) 1e：expect(希望) 不带to的不定式做宾语的特殊动词一感：feel 二听：listen to; hear 三让：make, have, let 四看：watch, see, look at, observe 被动句里to还原。 接不定式作宾语，动名词作宾语均可，且意思基本不变的动词 双方一旦开始(begin, start),无论喜欢(love, like, prefer )与否(hate, dislike)，都得继续(continue)下去。都不能企图（attempt）忽视（neglect）开始的爱（love）。习惯也好，害怕也好，难以容忍( cant bear/ stand/ endure)也好。可以动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同的词四“记” (记住)remember,(忘记)forget, (计划/打算)mean, (继续)go on, 力争：try 不后悔: stop regret常接动名词做宾语的动词MP2r café disk （military policeman） 宪兵带着2把手枪在咖啡馆里看光盘 M指mind(介意), miss(逃过), mention(提及)P指prevent, postpone, practice2r指risk(冒险), resist(抵制)c指consider(考虑）a指admit(承认), avoid(避免), appreciate(感激), f指 fancy(幻想), finish(完成)，feel like(喜欢)e指enjoy(享受), escape(逃脱), ensure(确保) d指delay(延迟), deny(否认), detest(痛恨) i指imagine(想象)s指suggest(建议) k指keep(保持)独立主格结构： 主格=主语 结构=短语句中没有连接词，逗号分开两个句子，存在两个主语目的：表环境（客观）、心态（主观）、氛围（主客观）形式：名词/代词+非谓语动词 （ing分词；ed分词；动词不定式）名词/代词+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语实质：主系表去掉系动词、有句子退化而来的小短语（做状语）专题六: 主谓一致、倒装与强调一、 主谓一致1. 主谓一致的三个指导原则：语法一致，逻辑意义一致，就近一致2. 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致3. 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致4. 以表数量概念的名词短语作主语的主谓一致5. 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致6. 以不定式短语、-ing分词短语作主语的主谓一致7. 以what, who, how, why 等词引导的从句作主语的主谓一致8. 关系从句中的主谓一致9. 倒装句中的主谓一致二、 倒装倒装的使用情况：1. 用于疑问句中2. 用于以here, there等副词开头的句子中3. 用于以so, nor, neither开头的句子中4. 用于以never, seldom, hardly, few, little等否定副词开头的句子中5. 用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句开头的的句子中6. 用于以表示地点、方位的副词如out, away, in 等开头的句子中7. 用于以so + 形容词/副词及such 开头的句子中8. 用于虚拟结构中三、 强调常见的强调句句型：1. It is/ was + 被强调部分 + that/ who + 其它部分2. do/ does/ did + 动词原形 专题七：名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、宾语、主语补语和同位语。（一）引导名词性从句的连接词1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、补语、宾语等。2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。（二）主语从句1、主语从句在复杂句中作主语。e.g. Who will go is not important.2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。e.g. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not.3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.（三）主语补语从句1、主语补语从句在复杂句中作补语，位于系动词之后。e.g. The question was who could go there.2、引导主语补语从句的连接词that有时可省去。e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.（四）宾语从句1、宾语从句在复杂句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或whether。e.g. Im interested in whether youve finished the work.Im interested in what youve said.3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。e.g. I wonder if it doesnt rain.用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。e.g. I dont know whether or not the report is true.I dont know whether/ if the report is true or not.介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、主语补语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.They dont know whether to go there.Please come to see me if you have time.（五）同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.专题八: 状语从句1. 时间状语从句(由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as, by the time, every time等引导)2. 地点状语从句(由where ,wherever等引导)3. 原因状语从句(由because, since, as等引导)4. 目的状语从句(由so, so that, in order that, in case等引导)5. 结果状语从句(由so that, so that, such that等引导)6. 条件状语从句(由if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, provided that等引导)7. 让步状语从句(由although, though, as, even if , whatever, whether or, no matter who / when/ what 等引导)8. 方式状语从句(由as, as if, the way等引导)9. 比较状语从句(由than, so (as) as, the more the more等引导)专题九: 关系分句（一）限制性关系分句与非限制性关系分句1、限制性关系分句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。2、非限制性关系分句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。（二）关系词的选择1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as2、关系副词：when, where, why3、关系词的选择4、关系词的省略问题（三）关系词的选择1、由“介词+关系代词”引导的限定分句2、由“介词+关系代词”引导的非限定分句专题十：语气；强调；省略；插入语英语中的三种语气：He was brought up by his aunt. 陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。Dont speak so loud. 祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等If I were a boy,虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等虚拟语气：1名词从句中的虚拟语气 标志词+should+动词原形(1) ask, advise,等表示命令、要求、建议等含义的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形eg. I suggest / suggested that we (should) go tomorrow.名词从句虚拟语气 (2) Iit is +(形容词/过去分词/特定名词)+that的从句中，形容词主要是表示令人吃惊的、重要的、必要的、关键的等词汇。形容词：astonishing, vital等。名词从句虚拟语气 (3) 过去分词：decided, desired, demanded, ordered, requested, recommended, suggested等;(4) 名词：advice, decision, desire, demand, suggestion, motion, order等 2条件从句中的虚拟语气三种基本态 倒装虚拟句 混时虚拟句 含蓄虚拟句 跳层虚拟句 三种基本形态 (1) (原则：向后推一个时态；现在、将来过去；过去过去完成：)表虚拟的时间 if从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 现在： did / were would (should, might, could)+do 过去： had done/ had been would (should/might/could)+have done(been) 将来： were to/ should+do would (should, might, could)+do 三种基本形态（2）（这是基础，建议牢记下面的例句，争取能脱口而出） 与现在事实相反：If I had enough money, I would buy a book. 与过去事实相反：If I had had enough money, I would have bought a book. 与将来事实相反：If I were to have enough money, I would buy a book. if I should have enough money, i would buy a book. 、倒装虚拟句（只能与过去/将来事实相反，省去if，有三种倒装形式） Had I had enough money, I would have bought a book. Were I to have enough money, I would buy a book. Should I have enough money, I would buy a book. 、混合时间虚拟语气（主要是抓住时间状语） (对过去事实虚拟+对现在事实虚拟) If I had studied English at school, I could read the English novel now. (对现在事实虚拟+对过去事实虚拟) If she were not so careless, she wouldnt have made such a mistake.、含蓄虚拟句 What would I have done without you? But for their help, I would not have finished the task. But that the doctor arrived on time that day, they would have been dead. Given more time, I would have been able to finish the test. 、跳层虚拟句（即句子一半为虚拟，另一半为陈述语气；but前句用虚拟而or/otherwise后句用虚拟） (but) He would put on weight, but he doesntt eat much. (与现在事实相反) (or, or else, otherwise) I forget where I read the article, or I would show it to you now. 现在事实相反) 3 其它虚拟语气 wish I wish I knew the answer.(与现在事实相反) if only If only I were taller. (与现在事实相反)/it is (high/about) time It is time you thought about your future. would rather I would rather you didntt speak rudely to her. (与现在事实相反) lest, in case, for fear that（引导的是目的状语从句，但可归入第六点(名词从句虚拟)，这是因它们答案特征相同，即 (should)+动词原形。 He took his umbrella lest it should rain. 强调：强调句式的基本结构含有"notuntil"句型的强调句式强调句式的疑问句省略：1. 状语从句中的省略。当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，或从句的主语是it，且有系动词be的任何形式时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be。常见的连词有：as，if, as if, once, though, whether, when, while, unless等等。2. 有关to的省略。3. if引导的虚拟条件句中的省略在if引导的虚拟条件句中含有had，were，should时，可以把had，were，should放在句首且省略if。4. 限制性定语从句中的省略在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that、which、whom可以省略;在以the same . as和such . as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分;the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that或in which。插入语：插入语的类型：1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。I can, however, discuss this when I see you. 2、短语China and India, for example, are neighbors.By the way, where are you from? 3、句子He is an honest man, I believe.Jack, as far as I know, isnt clever.插入语的疑问句：When do you suppose theyll be back?专心-专注-专业