初中英语语法基础知识总结(共20页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上初中英语 语法基础知识总结一、名词1可数名词可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词，包括个体名词和集体名词，有单、复数形式。复数名词构成法如下：以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词加-es（除stomach）。以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要变y为-ies。但以元音字母加y结尾时直接加-s。 以f或fe结尾的名词须直接加-s的，如：beliefs， proofs。变f或fe为-ves的，如：knives，leaves，wives，lives，thieveswolves，shelves，。注意handkerchief的复数可直接加-s。也可变f为-ves。以o结尾直接加-s，如：zoos，pianos，kilos，photos，autos，radios。加-es，如：Negroes，heroes，potatoes。复数不规则的名词，如：manmen，womanwomen，footfeet，goosegeese，oxoxen，childchildren，toothteeth等。单复数形式一样的名词，如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，means，works等。2不可数名词不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。 以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数。某些以-s结尾的表示单一事物的专有名词常用做单数。3名词的所有格(1) “s”所有格。一般名词后加“s”。如：Toms brothers bag。以-s或-es结尾的复数名词，在名词右上方加“”。如：the workers organization。 以-s结尾的专有名词所有格，若以读音Z结尾，一般可在名词右上方加“”，也可加“s”。如：Dickens/Dickenss cup。如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只有后一个名词加“s”；如果不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“s”。如：Tom and Marys room（共有）；Marys and Toms cups（不共有）。(2) 表示无生命东西的名词，通常采用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系，总的来讲of所有格是s所有格的一种替换形式。如：the classroom of the school。(3) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“s”来构成所有格。如：todays newspaper。一、基本型写出下列名词的复数形式：1. pencil-box _ 2. wife _ 3. Sunday_4. city_ 5. dress _6. Englishman _7. match _ 8. Chinese _9. zoo _10. exam_ 11. German _12. I have a lot of _(作业) to do every day.13. His _(裤子) are new, but mine are old.14. It is the best one of the _ (照片) in my family.15. Are they building any _ (图书馆) in the city16. Can you cut this big pear into two _(半)17. At the end of _(八月), you must get ready for the new school year.二、提高型来源： 1st is _ Day all over the world.A. Childs B. Childs C. ChildrensD. Childrens 10th is _ Day in China, isnt itA. TeachersB. TeachersC. TeacherD. Teacher of_ is made of _.A. Glass; glassB. A glass; glassC. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses is _ news.A. such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good _ it is! Lets go swimming.A. a fine weatherB. fine dayC. a fine dayD. bad weather like Chinese _.A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people and I go to school _ every day.A. on feetB. on footC. by footsD. by buses17. What are you listening to, Jane _ or _A. a music; a newsB. music; newsC. music; newsD. music; a news many _ and _ are there in your classA. boy student; girl onesB. girls students; boys onesC. boys student; girl oneD. girl students; boy ones9.A group of _ are talking with two _ over there.A. Frenchmen; GermansB. Frenchmen; GermenC. German; FrenchmenD. Germans; Frenchmans10. That bus driver drank two _.A. glass of waterB. glasses of watersC. cups of teaD. cup of tea11. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _.A. Bobs motherB. Bobs mothersC. mother of BobD. Bob mothers12. The tall man with a big nose is _ teacher.A. Tom and CarlB. Toms and CarlsC. Tom and Carls a few _ came to visit some _ in Shantou.A. German; places of interestB. Germans; places of interestsC. Germans; places of interestD. Germen; places of interest autumn comes, _ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.A. leafB. leafsC. leave D. leaves二、冠词1不定冠词a，an表示one或every。如：You have a mouth。表示某一类人、事或物，相当于any。如：A spade is a tool。用于某些固定词组中。如：a bit，a lot of。泛指某人或某物。如：A boy is waiting for her。用在rather，many，what等词之后。如：You are rather a fool。注意：名词以元音音素开头时，前面若加不定冠词，要用“an”。2定冠词the表示上文已提到过或下文将要提到的人或事物。如：I am very interested in the book。表示独一无二的人或事物。如：the world，the sun，the moon，the earth。用在序数词、形容词最高级及对两人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。如：the young，the second story，the largest room。用在以-ese，-ch，-sh等结尾和表示国家、党派等专有名词前，以及在江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。如： the Changjiang River，the Great Lake。用在方位名词前以及某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。如：in the west，on the right。用在形容词前表示一类人。如：the young，the dead。在姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人，或这一姓氏的夫妇俩。如：The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table。用在单数可数名词前，表示某一类人或事物。如：The horse is a use-ful animal。 在艺术、文娱活动名称前通常用定冠词。如：go to the cinema。3不加冠词(1) 一般专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前不加冠词。如：America，China，Shanghai Railway Station。但是当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时，前面加the。如：The milk in the bottle has gone bad抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示其特殊性质或类别的修饰词，指概念的“一种”、“一类”、“一次”等时，用不定冠词。如：After a swim，he had a rest。(2) 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。如：This book is mine。(3) 季节、月份、日期、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。如：Summer is the warmest season of the year。如果月份等被一个限定性定语修饰，就要加冠词。如：Jack joined the Army in the spring of 2002。(4) 表示语言学科名称、球类运动的名词前一般不用冠词。如：He is studying French in Paris。但是在the Chinese language，the English lan-guage等中要用定冠词。(5) 在以“普通名词或形容词最高级+as”开始的让步状语从句中，前面不加冠词。如：Shortest as he is。用适当的冠词填空，不需要冠词的空白处填“×”1. Tomorrow is _ Teachers' Day and we'll make _ card for our English teacher.2. The bus is running about seventy miles_ hour.3. Mary is interested in _ science.4. Some people don't like to talk at _ table.5. Last night I went to_ bed very late.6. Don't worry. We still have _ little time left.7. What _ beautiful day! And what _ fine weather!8. In _ winter it is cold in _ Beijing and warm in _Shanghai.9. John is_ cleverest boy in his class.10. We can't live without _ water or _ air.11. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will leave Paris, _capital of_ France, for Washington by_ air.12. We were having_ lunch when they came in.13. This is _ book you gave me last week.14. What did you do _ last Saturday15. March 8 is _ Women's Day.16. If _ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.17. I prefer playing _ piano to playing _ basketball.18. At _ age of five, he read a lot of books.19. Tom and Lucy are of _ same age.20. _ harder we study, _ more we learn.三、数词1基数词(1) 2199之间的二位数由十位数加个位数再加连字符构成。如24可写成twenty-four。(2) 101999之间的三位数由hundred加and再加二位数或末位数构成。加489可写成four hundred and eighty-nine。(3) 表示确切数目时，基数词hundred，thousand，million，billion不加s。如several hundred，ten million。但是表示不确定数目时，要用复数形式。如hundreds of。(4) 表示“在几十年代”用“in+the+逢十的数词复数”。如in the1980s或80s。2序数词一般由基数词加-th构成，前面一般加定冠词the。如the two hundredth。以y结尾的基数词构成序数词时，把y改成i，再加-eth。如the fiftieth。 不规则的序数词有first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth。3其他几种数词(1) 分数由基数词和序数词合成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于l时，分母的序数词要用复数形式。如11/3读做three and two thirds1/3读做one(a)third；但1/2读做one(a)half，1/4读做one(a)quarter。(2) 小数点读做point；“零”读做zero；带小数点的数字从左至右依次读出。如读做zero point two。(3) 百分数读做percent。如17读做seventeen percent。四、代词1人称代词人称代词的主格做主语；宾格做宾语或表语。2物主代词物主代词有两大类，一般形容词性物主代词做定语；名词性物主代词做主语、宾语和表语。3反身代词反身代词由形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成如：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves反身代词在句子中可充当宾语、表语和同位语。4疑问代词常用的疑问代词有who，whom，whose，whoever，which，what等。疑问代词用来构成特殊疑问句，可用做主语、宾语、表语和定语。5指示代词指示代词表示单数的有this，that；表示复数的有these，those。用法如下：(1) 在句中做主语、宾语和定语。(2) this(these)一般用来指时间和空间上较近的人或物；that(those)指时间和空间上较远的人或物。6不定代词不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数与不可数的区别。不定代词的种类较多，用法和侧重点略有不同，介绍如下。(1) one，some与any的区别：one作为不定代词可以泛指任何人，还可以替代名词词组或名词词组中的中心词，其复数形式为ones；some表示肯定意义，一般用于肯定旬；any表示否定或疑问意义，多用于疑问、否定句中。(2) each与every的区别：each通常用来指小到两个，强调个别，可以充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语；every则通常指三个以上的人，强调整体，相当于汉语的“每个都”，在句中只做定语。(3) none与no的区别：no(not any)在句子中做定语；none在句中做主语或宾语，代替不可数名词做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词做主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。(4) other与another的区别：other可用于单数和复数，泛指“另外的”，做定语，常与复数名词或单数不可数名词连用；others是other的复数形式，泛指“别的人或物”，但不是全部；the other指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，做定语修饰复数名词时，表示另一方中的“全部其余的”；the others是the other的复数形式，特指“全部其余的人或物”；another指不确定的另一个，三个或三个以上中的“任何一个”、“再一”、“另一个”，做代词或形容词。(5) both与all的区别：both指两个人或物；all指三个以上的人或物。两者在句中都可做主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语。(6) either与neither的区别：either表示“两个中的任何一个”；neither表示“两个中的任何一个都不”。两个词都表示单数。选择填空.1. Mr. More has more money than Mr. Little . But he doesnt enjoy _.A. he B. him C. his D. himself2. Lily was 9 years old. _ was old enough to go to school _.A. She , she B. She , herself C. Her, herself D. Her. she3. Jims watch is much newer than _.A. hers C. her D. herself you like _for superA: something Chinese B：Chinese somethingC: anything Chinese D: Chinese anything piano is too old ,but she still liked playing it.A. She B. Shes C. Hers D. Her taught you English last yearNobody taught me . I taught _.A. me B. myself C. mine D. I bike is _Ahe B. him C. his D. it8. We bought _ a present, but _ didn”t like it.A. they, them B. them , they C. themselves , their , they五、情态动词情态动词表示的是说话人的态度，没有人称和数的变化，虽然其本身具有一定的词汇意义，但不能独立使用。它与其后边的动词原形构成谓语。具体用法如下：1can和could的用法表示智力或体力方面的能力或表示客观的可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。用在否定句、疑问句或感叹句中，表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。2may和might的用法表示可能、允许。表示请求、允许时，might比may客气些。否定回答时可用cant或mustnt，表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。用May I征询对方许可，在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，特别是在现代口语中，用Can I征询对方意见更为常见。用于祈使句中表示祝愿。表示推测、可能(不用于疑问句)。3must和have to的用法(1) 表示“必要的”must问句，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to。(2) 表示“可能性很大的“推测，结构为“must be+表语”，它的否定或疑问形式用can代替must。(3) must和have to表示“必须”时，意思很相似，但应注意下列几点区别： must表示的是说话人的主观看法；而have to则往往强调客观条件的作用。 must一般只有现在时；have to则有更多的时态形式。must可以表示推断；而have to则不能表示推断。询问对方的意愿时应用must。二者的否定意义大不相同。must not表示禁止，是说话人强有力的劝告，意为“绝不可以”、“不准”、“不允许”。dont have to意为“不必”。4shall和should的用法shall用于第一人称时，表示说话人征求对方的意愿，用于第一、第三人称疑问旬中时，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求，用于第二、第三人称时，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允许或威胁。should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to。在疑问句中，通常用should 代替ought to。5will和would的用法(1) 表示请求、建议时，would的语气比will委婉。(2) 表示意志、愿望和决心时用will。(3) 表示过去习惯用would，比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。(4) would表示估计或猜想。练习题1 John_ come to see us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.A. may B. can C. has to D. must2 They _ do well in the exam.A. can be able to B. be able toC. can able to D. are able to3 -May I take this book out-No, you_.A. can't B. may not C. needn't D. aren't4 You_ go and see a doctor at once because you're got a fever.A. can B. must C. dare D. would5 -Can you speak Japanese-No, I_.A. mustn't B. can't C. needn't D. may not1 -He_ be in the classroom, I think.-No, he _ be in the classroom. I saw him go home a minute ago.A. can; may not B. must; may not C. may; can't D. may; mustn't2 -Shall I get one more cake for you, Dad第9 / 12页-Thanks, but you_, I've had enough.A. may not B. must not C. can't D. needn't3 Even the top students in our class can't work out this problem, so it_ be very difficult.A. may B. must C. can D. need4 He isn't at school. I think he _ be ill.o A. can B. shall C. must D. has to5 _ I take this oneA. May B. Will C. Are D. Do1 The children_ play football on the road.A. can't B. can C. mustn't D. must2 You _ be late for school again next time.A. mustn't B. needn'tC. don't have to D. don't need to3 -Must I do my homework at once-No, you_.A. needn't B. mustn't C. can't D. may not1 His arm is all right. He_ go and see the doctor.A. has not to B. don't have toC. haven't to D. doesn't have to2 He had to give up the plan, _ heA. did B. didn't C. does D. doesn't3 They had to walk here, _ theyA. mustn't B. did C. didn't D. hadn't1 He had better stay here, _ heA. didn't B. don't C. hadn't D. isn't2 You'd better_late next time.A. not to be B. not be C. won't be D. don't be3 You'd better _ your hair _ once a month.A. had; cut B. had; cuttedC. have; cut D. have; cutted4 You_ ask that man over there. Maybe he knows the way.A. had better not to B. had not better C. had better D. had better not1 -Shall we go and visit the History Museum next SundayA. Here you are B. Sorry, I can't C. Yes, please D. Let me try2 -Why don't you ask Mike to go with us-Thanks, _.A. I will B. I won't C. lean D. I may3 -_ I take the newspaper away-No, you mustn't. You_read it only here.A. Must; can B. May; can C. Need; must D. Must; must1 Excuse me. _ you please pass me that cupA. Do B. Should C. Would D. Must2 _ you like to have another try第10 / 12页A. Could B. Will C. Would D. Do3 -Would you like to go boating with us-Yes, _.A. I'd like B. I want C. I'd like to D. I do七、动词动词是表示动作或状态的词，有时态、语态、语气和数等形式上的变化。1动词的时态时态是动作或情况发生于不同时间时，谓语动词的不同形式。英语动词常用的有8种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时。(1) 一般现在时表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作及现在的状态、特征、普通真理或事实。 在时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来。表示按计划、规定要发生的动作或要做的事。表示状态和感觉的动词常用一般现在时，不用现在进行时。书报的标题、小说等的情节介绍常用一般现在时。(2) 一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态。表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would+动词原形”。(3) 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作或将要所处的状态。其表达形式除了“will或shall+动词原形”外，还有以下几种：第11 / 12页“be going to do”表示即将发生的或最近打算做的事。“be to do”表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。“be about to do”表示即将发生的动作，意同be ready to do sth.，后面一般不跟时间状语。go，come，move，leave，stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。 在日程计划安排方面，也可以用某些动词（如：go，leave，start，stay等）的一般现在时表示将来。(4) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“to be+现在分词”构成。另外，“系动词+介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词（如：have，be，hear，see，like等）一般不用进行时。(5) 现在完成时由“have+过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：表示的动作在说话之前已完成或刚完成，但对现在有影响。表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在。还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。(6) 过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻、某一段时间进行的动作，由“was(were)+现在分词”构成。(7) 过去完成时过去完成时由“had +过去分词”构成。表示过去某一时刻以前完成的动作或状态。 表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。(8) 过去将来时表示从过去某时看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should或would+动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。专心-专注-专业