名词性从句用法详解文档(共12页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 高一语法专题：名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在 复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性 从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。 引导名词性从句的词叫做连接词，包括：1. 连词（在名词性从句中只起连接作用，不 作成分） 2. 连接代词（在名词性从句中作主语、宾语 或表语） 3. 连接副词（在名词性从句中作状语）所有的名词性从句的语序都是陈述句语序。I 主语从句：是在主句中作主语的从句。它由连接词引导，通常位于谓语动词之前。 连接词： 1. 连词：在从句中不充当任何成分，常见的引导主语从句的连词有that, whether。 That he got the first prize excited him much. 他获得一等奖一事使他非常兴奋。 It is doubtful whether we can get there on time. 我们能否按时到达那儿还不确定。 1）that引导的主语从句：在从句中不作任何成分，也没有实际意义。一般情况 下that不可省略。 That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光沿直线传播。 That you don't like him is none of my business. 你不喜欢他不关我的事。 2）whether引导的主语从句：常置于句首，表示“是否”之意； if一般不引导主语从句。 Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance. 他是否能按时完成任务非常重要。 Whether you can succeed or not depends on how hard you work at it. 你能否成功取决于你努力的程度。2. 连接代词：在从句中起名词或代词的作用，常作从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语，有具 体意义且不能省略。常见的连接代词有who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever。 What we should do with the problem is undecided. 我们如何处理这个问题还未作出决定。（what引导主语从句，不表疑问意义） Whom the letter was from is still unknown. 这封信是谁邮寄的还不清楚。3. 连接副词：在从句中起副词的作用，常作从句的状语，表示时间、地点、原因、方式等。 常见的连接副词有when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however等。 Why he did that wasn't quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚。 Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查他的地址还是个难题。注意：it代替主语从句作形式主语 that从句作主语通常用it作形式主语，而将that从句置于句末。 常见的it替代主语从句的句式主要有以下几种： 1）It + 系动词 + 形容词 + that从句 It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。 It is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow. 明天很可能会有一场暴风雪。 2）It + 系动词 + 名词 + that从句 常见的用于此结构的名词有：a pity（遗憾），a shame（遗憾，耻辱）， a fact （事实），an honor（荣耀），a wonder（奇迹），no wonder（难怪），good news （好消息）等。 It's no wonder that you've achieved so much success. 难怪你已取得了如此大的成功。 It's a pity that you didn't attend their wedding. 你没有参加他们的婚礼真是遗憾。 3）It + 系动词 + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 It is said that no passengers were injured in the accident. 据说在那次意外事故中没有乘客受伤。 It is announced that the plan has been successfully carried out. 据宣布计划已被顺利实施。 4）It + 特殊动词+ that从句 常用于这种结构的动词有：seem（看上去），appear（显得），happen（碰巧）， matter（关系重大），turn out（结果），occur to sb. （某人突然想起）等。 It seems to me that he objects to the plan. 在我看来，他好像反对这个计划。 It happened that I met an old friend on the street yesterday. 昨天我碰巧在街上遇见了一位老朋友。II 宾语从句：在主句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。宾语从句可分为动词的宾语从句、 介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 1. 连词that, if/ whether引导的宾语从句 引导宾语从句时，that, whether/if 都只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分。 that无实义，在句子中可以省略； wether/if 意为“是否”，不可省略。 He said (that) he couldn't finish his work before dusk. 他说黄昏之前他完不成任务。 Nobody knows whether/ if he likes school or not. 没有人知道他是否喜欢上学。 注意：whether/ if都意为“是否”。一般情况下，它们可以互换，口语中常用if， 但在以下情况中，只能用whether： 1）与or not 紧接连用时。如： Let me know whether or not you can come. 请让我知道你是否能来。 2）作介词的宾语从句时。如： We are interested in whether you will attend the meeting. 我们对你是否会参加会议感兴趣。 3）引导主语从句、表语从句与同位语从句时 4）在动词不定式前时。如： I dont know whether to go. 2. 连接代词引导的宾语从句 who, whom, what, which, whomever, whoever, whatever, whichever等引导宾语从句，并且在宾语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分, 每个连接代词都有自己特定的意义，一般不省略。Do you know who is in charge of the company?你知道谁负责这家公司吗？（作主语） Can you tell me which boy is your son? 你能告诉我哪个是你儿子吗？（作定语） What do you think his job is? 你认为他是干什么工作的？（作表语）3. 连接副词引导的宾语从句 when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等引导宾语从句，并且在宾语从 句中充当状语，表示时间、地点、原因、方式等。 （有时how much, how many等也可引导宾语从句。每个连接副词都有自己特定的意义， 一般不省略。）The police asked me how the accident happened. 警察问我事故是怎么发生的。（方式状语）I don't know when we will meet again. 我不知道我们何时才能再见面。（时间状语）Do you know where Mr. Brown lives?你知道布朗先生住在哪儿吗？（地点状语）使用宾语从句的注意事项1. 宾语从句的语序：在宾语从句中要用陈述句语序。 He asked me when we could set out the next day. 他问我第二天什么时候可以出发。 Did you find out where she lost her car? 你查出她在哪里丢的车了吗？2. 宾语从句的时态：1）如果主句的谓语是一般现在时，其宾语从句的时态可以是任何适当 的时态。 She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 她说她周一至周五上班。（从句时一般现在时） She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 她说要在桌子上留个便条。（从句是一般将来时） She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei. 她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。（从句是现在完成时） 2）如果主句的谓语是一般过去时，其宾语从句的时态一般要用适当的 过去时态（客观真理、事实除外） He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 他说昨天下午没有课。（从句是一般过去时） He said that he was going to take care of the baby. 他说他会去照看这个婴儿。 He said that they were having a meeting at that time. 他说他们那时正在开会。（从句是过去进行时） 3）当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时，其时态仍用一般现在 时。 The teacher told us that nothing is difficult if we put our heart into it. 老师告诉我们，世上无难事，只怕有心人。 He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光比声传播得快。 解题技巧：1. 动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume等后有宾 语补足语时，则要用it作形式宾语，而将that宾语从句后置。 I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day. 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。 I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了惯例。 2. hate, like, take, owe, have, take for granted等表示“喜欢；痛恨；认为”的动 词或动词短语和see to 表示“注意，留意”后有宾语补足语时，要用it作 形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。 I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food. 我讨厌他们含着满嘴食物说话。 When you start the engine, you must see to it that the car is in neutral. 启动发动机时，一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置。 3. 介词后的宾语从句。 She is always thinking of how she can do more for others. 她总想着如何才能为别人做得更多。 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。 4. 宾语从句的否定转移。将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动 词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语用否定式，而从句 的谓语用肯定式。 I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 I don't believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 注意：反意疑问句的主语一般与宾语从句的主语保持一致，附加问句用肯 定形式。（主语是第一人称且为一般现在时） I don't suppose that's his fault, is it? 我认为这不是他的过错，是不是？ 5. 宾语从句中的特殊疑问形式（又称双重疑问句） 在某些宾语从句中，宾语从句的连接代词或连接副词常被移到主句之前， 构成特殊疑问形式，其构成为： Wh-/ How do you + vt. +宾语从句的其他部分？ 常见的用于此结构的动词有think, believe, consider, suppose, imagine, expect, guess, say等。 What do you think we will do next? 你认为我们下一步该怎么办？ Who do you guess will be our new headmaster? 你猜谁会是我们的新校长？ 6. 宾语从句中引导词that不可省略的情况 一般情况下，宾语从句中的引导词that 可省略，但下列情况下一般不省 略that： 1）介词except, but, besides等后跟that引导的宾语从句时。 The American stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly. 那个美国人站着一动不动，只是嘴唇还微微在动。 2）that引导的宾语从句和主句之间有插入语时。 I think, first of all, that we must believe in ourselves. 我认为，尤其重要的是，我们必须对自己有信心。 He said, in his opinion, that Lei Feng was a good example of serving the people heart and soul. 他说，在他看来，雷锋是一个全心全意为人民服务的好榜样。 3）宾语从句为主从复合句且从句位于主句之前时。 He said that if he came back early, he could come for the meeting. 他说如果回来的早的话，他会来参加会议的。 Mary said that, as she was not well, she could not get the highest score in the midterm exam. 玛丽说，因为身体不好，她无法在期中考试中得最高分。 4）当it作形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句后置时。 We have made it clear that we will learn to deal with various difficult problems. 我们已经表明，我们将学会处理各种难题。 We took it for granted that they would accept the proposal. 我们想当然地以为他们会接受这个建议的。 5）有多个that引导的从句时，第一个that可以省略，而其他的that常不可 省略。 I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that they will come to say goodbye to us. 我认为今天下午天会放晴，他们会来向我们告别的。 6）当when, who, what, where, why, how等引导的从句与that引导的从句作 主句谓语动词的并列宾语时。 I know what the time is and that the wind remains low. 我知道现在是什么时候，且风依然不大。 I'm sure where he lives and that he is living a happy life. 我非常清楚他住在什么地方，而且他生活得很幸福。 宾语从句用法小结： 一是关键引导词，不同句子词相异：陈述句子用that； 一般疑问是否（if, whether）替； 特殊问句更好办，引导还用疑问词。 二是时态常变化，主句不同从句异：主句若为现在时，从句时态应看意； 主句若为过去时，从句时态向前移。 三是语序要记清，从句永保陈述句。III 表语从句 表语从句是在主句中作表语的从句，常跟在be, look, seem等系动词后。 常见的引导表语从句的连接词有that, whether; 连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever; 连接副词when, where, how, why引导。 1. that, whether引导的表语从句 that, whether引导表语从句时只起连接作用，不作任何成分；that无实义，whether意 为“是否”。 The fact is that we should depend on ourselves. 事实是我们应该依靠自己。 The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the project. 问题是我们能否降低这项工程的开支。 注意：当主语为表示“计划、建议、命令、要求、主张”等的名词时，其表语从句谓 语动词应用“(should+) 动词原形”。 My suggestion is that we (should) have a discussion about this matter instead of just laying it aside. 我提议我们应当讨论一下这个问题，而不应把它放在一边。 The doctor's advice is that you (should) lie in bed for a few days. 医生建议你卧床休息几天。 2. wh- 词和because引导的表语从句 wh- 词包括连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, 和 连接副词when, where, why, wherever, whenever等，此类词大多表示疑问意义，偶尔表 示陈述意义。because引导的表语从句表示陈述意义。 The question is how we can persuade him to go. 问题是我们如何才能说服他去。 That was where we camped last time. 那就是上次我们野营的地方。 3. as, as if, as though引导的表语从句此类表语从句常跟在特定动词后面，如seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel等。It sounds as if someone is knocking at the back door. 听上去好像有人在敲门。You look just as you looked 10 years ago. 你看上去和十年前完全一样。I feel as though the house is shaking. 我感到好像房子在晃动。 4. reason作主语时的表语从句 reason作主语时，其表语从句需用that引导，一般不用why或because引导。 （但reason的定语从句常由why引起） The reason why he didn't pass the exam was that he was too careless. 他没有通过考试的原因是他太粗心了。 （why引导定语从句，the reason是先行词；that引导表语从句，the reason作主语） The reason for the car accident is that the driver was drunk. 这次交通事故是司机酒后驾驶导致的。 （that引导表语从句，the reason用作主语）IV 同位语从句 同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词内容的从句，所以它总是跟在某一个名词的后 面。该名词被称作先行词。 1. 同位语从句的连接词：that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。 that, whether不作成分，that无实际意义，whether表示“是否”； 其他连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。 （引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不省略） We have proof that this man committed the crime. 我们有证据证明是这个人犯的罪。 I have no idea why she quit her present job. 我不知道她为什么辞职。 2. 可跟同位语从句的名词：advice建议 belief信念，相信 doubt怀疑 explanation解释 fact事实 fear害怕 feeling感觉 hope希望 idea想法，主意 news消息 possibility可能性 thought想法 wish愿望 question问题 promise答应，诺言 reply答复 suggestion建议 order命令 problem问题 I have no idea when they will be back and settle down. 我不知道他们什么时候回答定居。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。 The problem why the earth is becoming warmer and warmer is still under discussion. 地球为什么变得越来越暖这一问题仍在讨论之中。 There is a feeling in me that we'll never know what a UFO is. 我内心有种感受，我们将永远不知道UFO是什么。 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别： 1）先行词不同：同位语从句的先行词常是一些具有具体信息内容或一定内涵的名词，如 idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代 词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。 Word came that he had been abroad. 据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句） The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. 你找的那位医生在房间里面。（定语从句） 2）从句表达的含义与功能不同：定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴； 而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性 从句的范畴。 The news that our team has won the game is true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 （同位语从句，补充说明news的内容） The news that he told me yesterday was true. （定语从句，news在从句中作told的宾语） 3）引导词的不同：有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定 语从句。 The question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。（同位语从句）